Chapter 1
Pre-Columbian
To
Age of Exploration
Mississippi
Valley
North
America
Maya
Guatemala
Aztecs
Northern
Mexico
Anasazi
Incas
a. Fishing, hunting, trade (great soil)
a. New strain of maize and beans
b. Cahokia (present-day St. Louis)
a. Sophisticated religious system
b. Over 100 pyramids
c. Disappeared
a. Civilization- religious center (city)
b. Achievements
a. Astronomy- developed a calendar
b. Mathematic- symbol for zero
c. Declined 900 CE
a. Elaborate temples and canals
b. Organized society- king, priests, tax collectors,
warriors, merchant.
c. Human sacrifce
d. Conquered by Spaniard Hernan Cortez (1519)
Arizona
a. Desert-dwelling pueblos in Chaco Canyon
And
b. Irrigation canals
New Mexico c. Drought and outside attacks led to their decline
Peru
a. Large and rich, palaces with high walls
b. Developed system of terraces, canals, aqueducts.
c. Potato and tomato
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Map 1-2 p9
• Iroquois Confederacy
– Political and linguistic differences hindered
Native Americans as they attempted to respond
to the threat posed by the European colonist
– Political and military alliance
• North American Natives, including Iroquois,
developed matrilineal cultures.
– Power and possessions passed down the female
side.
Figure 1-1a p5
II. Europeans enter Africa
• Portuguese set trading post along African shores
–
–
–
–
Gold and slaves (huge appetite for slaves)
Slavers charged high prices for captives from distant sources
Slave brokers separated persons from the same tribe
Systematic traffic to work sugar plantations
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Map 1-3 p11
• The Treaty of Tordesillas
– Spain and Portugal fear interference
– The Pope drew a “Line of Demarcation”, dividing the heathen world into two equal parts.
East was Portugal (stronger navy), West for Spain (Favorable to Spain)
– Treaty of Tordesillas (1494) further moved the line west.
• Brazil became a Portuguese colony
• As other nations emerged, they tended to ignore the treaty
The Spanish Conquistadores
• Independent Spanish adventures that led powerful armies to conquer
the Americas
– At first, concentrated on Caribbean islands
• Disease devastated the local Indian pop.
• Turned to American mainland (1510)
–
–
–
–
–
Vasco de Balboa crossed Panama, 1st European to Pacific Ocean
Juan Ponce de Leon claimed Florida for Spain
Hernando Cortes destroyed Aztec empire, won enormous wealth
Hernando de Soto led expedition through southeastern US
Francisco de Coronado
• First Europeans to see the Grand Canyon
• Increased Knowledge of the land
– Asserted territorial claims to the continent
Map 1-5 p17
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New Spain
• Autocratic, rigidly controlled empire
– Everything to benefit the parent country
• Tight control, bureaucracy run directly form Madrid
• Annual fleets carried riches of the New World to Spain
• Developed econmiendas
– Large manors or estates with Indian slaves ruthlessly managed for the benefit of the
conquistadores.
– Replaced by hacienda system
• African slaves took place of Indians
• Society highly stratified
– Natives of Spain (peninsulares)
– Spanish born in New World (creoles)
– Mixed or Indian blood occupied lower level
Map 1-6 p21
English and French Beginnings
John Cabot
Sponsorshi
p of the
king of
1497, became the first European since the Viking
voyages to reach the mainland of North America
England
Giovanni de
Verrazzano
Sponsored
by the kind
of France
1524, Followed the American coast from present-day
North Carolina to Maine
Jacques
Cartier
Sponsored
by the king
of France
1534, mounted three expeditions to the area of St.
Lawrence River. Explored up to Montreal.
• France made no attempt for 65 years to
explore or colonize in America
Francis Drake Sponsored
by the king
of England
• Sailed around South America raided Spanish
settlements.
• Claimed for England.
• Sailed around the world
• Prompted the 1588 Spanish Armada
• Cemented England as great naval power
Clash of Religions
• Protestant v. Catholic
– Violence both in American and Europe
– Huguenots, French Protestants, escaped persecution in
Catholic France were massacred by Spaniards in New
World.
• Spaniard attempt to fortify
– Settlement of St. Augustine, Florida
– First city in North America
– Ft. Matanzas
Pope’s Rebellion
• Pueblo Indian uprising (1680)
– Result of Spanish efforts to suppress the Indians’
religious practices.
• Destroyed every Catholic church in province
• Rebuilt kiva (Santa Fe)
http://youtu.be/6E9WU9TGrec
Crash Course (11min)
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