Chapter 19
Review and Discussion
Conquest and Slavery
In The New World, 1400-1750
The Eve of
Destruction
In 1492 anthropologists
estimate there were about 75
million Native Americans in
the Western Hemisphere; 25
million in Mexico
By 1650 there are less than
10 million in the hemisphere;
1 million in Mexico!
What happened?
The Rest of the Story…



The Spanish forced the
Indians to work for the
Spanish on Spanish farms
and in mines.
Thousands of the Indians
died from over work, lack of
food and disease; a small pox
epidemic spread across the
land.
Many of the Indians were
forced to convert to
Christianity, which has
created a mixture of Spanish
and Indian cultures.
The
history of
Native
People in
the Latin
America…
The
picture
“says” it
all!
What do
you see?
Land Claims in the Americas
By 1675,
Spain, France,
Britain, and
Portugal
possessed
sizable
overseas
empires.
Trade ships
carried goods
between
Europe and
the Americas
and Africa.
COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE…
WHAT IS IT?
Columbian Exchange
• Disease (small pox –the greatest killer)
– greatly reduced Amerindian populations (thereby assisting
European conquest and accelerating cultural change), while
Europeans brought home Amerindian diseases such as syphilis.
• Europeans (Old World)
– introduced bananas and wheat that diversified Amerindian diets,
while other crops like sugar cane were intended for cultivation
with exploited labor
– European horses, cattle, and pigs also affected indian lives
– Horses (increased military capacity and hunting efficiency)
• New World
– the Amerindian crops of maize, potatoes, and manioc had a great
impact on Old World agriculture
– beaver and other fur-bearing animals significantly influenced the
exchange between Amerindians and Europeans
Land Claims in the Americas
About 1750
colonial societies established in the Americas by Spain
and Portugal
• Society
– patterned after their homelands: class-based, hierarchical, and
uniformly Catholic.
• Labor shortage
– because of epidemic disease and the resulting labor shortages,
the African slave trade became a major factor in colonial society
and culture.
• Catholic Church (richest institution)
– Transferred European language, culture, and Christian belief to
the New World
– Although American Indian religious belief survived beneath the
surface of imposed Christianity
• Economy
– Spain- dominated by silver mines of Bolivia and Peru
– Brazil- sugar plantation
Use of labor in the Spanish and Portuguese American
colonies
• As wealth became harder to extract, labor demands
multiplied
• Mita (Peru)
– Rotational labor draft
– 1/7 adult American Indian male were drafted for forced labor for 6
months out of the year
• African Slaves
– Portuguese developed the slave labor plantation system in the
Atlantic Islands and Brazil
– First used American Indian slaves and then more expensive but
more productive and more disease resistant African slaves
Spanish Colonial
Society
In Spanish America, the mix
of diverse people gave
rise to a new very strict
class system:
1. Peninsulares, people born
in Spain, were at the top
of society.
2. Creoles, American-born
descendents of Spanish
settlers, were next.
3. Mestizos were people of
Native American and
European descent.
4. Mulattoes were people of
African and European
descent.
Ruling the Spanish Empire
In the 1500s, Spain claimed a vast empire stretching from California to South America.
1.
2.
3.
Spain was
determined to
maintain strict
control over its
empire.
The empire was
divided into five
provinces, each of
which was ruled by a
viceroy.
The Council of the
Indies helped pass
laws for the colonies.
THE
ECONOMY
THE CATHOLIC
CHURCH
GOVERNMENT
1.
2.
3.
The Church worked with
the government to convert
Native Americans to
Christianity.
Church leaders often
served as royal officials.
Spanish missionaries
forcibly imposed European
culture over Native
American culture.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Spain closely controlled
economic activity,
especially trade.
The Spanish grew sugar
cane, which was grown on
plantations and required
large numbers of workers.
At first, the Spanish forced
the Native Americans to
work under brutal
conditions.
Later, the colonists began
shipping slaves from
Africa to do their work.
The English and French did not colonize the Americas until
almost a century after the Spanish and Portuguese. Why?
•
Civil unrest
• The French and the English were initially
distracted by civil and foreign wars and so
lacked the will and resources to seek
colonies any sooner
•
•
In North America in 1754, the French and
English battled each other in the French and
Indian War.
Also Britain vs. France clashed in a worldwide
struggle, known as the Seven Years’ War.
Treaty of Paris 1763
•In 1756-1763,
France lost Canada
to England and also
ceded Louisiana to
Spain
How were the French and English colonies both similar to and different
from those of Spain and Portugal?
• English
– favored removal of Native Americans rather than assimilation
• French
– preferred a policy of conversion of native peoples to Christianity.
• Similarities
– All colonizers met native peoples with a mixture of violence and
diplomacy.
– African slaves were important in much of the Americas.
• Differences
– Rather than controlling American expansion through their central
governments, both nations acted through private corporations
and individual proprietors.
– colonized with larger percentages of Europeans
South
• Virginia
–
–
–
–
–
Virginia company established the colony of James town in 1606
Lost 80% of the population within 15 years
English crown took it over in 1624
Established a tobacco plantation
First used Indentured servants, however, as life expectancy in the
colonies improved, planters purchased more slaves.
• Carolinas
– Slave labor produced rice and indigo
– Enslaved Africans and descendants formed majority of the
population
– Stono Rebellion in 1739 led to more repressive policies towards
slaves throughout the Southern colonies
New England
• New England
– Religious freedom
– Pilgrims – break completely from Church of England established
Plymouth colony in Massachusetts
– Puritans – wanted to reform the church of England settled in
Massachusetts Bay colony
• Economy
– Climate and resources did not favor cash crop agriculture
– New Englanders traded timber, fur, and other forest products as
well as fish to provide their economic foundation.
– New England also provided commercial and shipping services to
the American colonies.
– Slaves and indentured servants were present in New England, but
in very small numbers because of the lack of cash crop agriculture.
Middle Atlantic
• New York
– became a commercial and shipping center
– Exported grain to the Caribbean and Southern Europe
• Pennsylvania (founded by Quakers)
– Developed into a wealthy grain exporting colony with
Philadelphia as its major commercial city
– Grain was produced by free family farmers
• *environmental factors and geography played a key
role in the experience of slaves and the demand for
slave labor*
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Compare and contrast the different colonial regions established in
British North America. In what ways were they similar or different?
private ventures
to escape from religious persecution or designed to gather wealth.
Government ventures
Some colonies were established by the monarchy, while others were
given only a royal blessing.
Indenture servants
English introduced indentured servants eventually accounted for
approximately 80 percent of all English immigrants to Virginia and
Maryland.
Carolinas
northern part of the Carolinas, economy based on tobacco and forest
products encouraged a slow expansion of slavery.
Charleston and the interior of South Carolina settlers developed
plantations and imitate the slave plantation systems of Brazil and the
Caribbean.
rice and indigo crops attracted increasing flow of African slaves.