Chapter Introduction Section 1: The Opposing Sides Section 2: The Early Stages Section 3: Life During the War Section 4: The Turning Point Section 5: The War Ends Visual Summary How Is Modern Warfare Different? The Civil War was in many respects the first modern war. Both sides fielded large armies equipped with mass-produced weapons. Railroads and the telegraph ensured rapid communications and troop movements. Hundreds of thousands of soldiers were killed. • Why was the North able to defeat the South? • How did specific battles affect President Lincoln’s political decisions? The Opposing Sides What advantages and disadvantages did the North and South have at the start of the Civil War? The Early Stages How did the Emancipation Proclamation change the Civil War? Life During the War What was life like for soldiers and nurses during the Civil War? The Turning Point Why was 1863 the pivotal year of the Civil War? The War Ends Why did the Union army wage “total war” against the South? Big Ideas Government and Society The Confederacy’s weak central government had difficulty coordinating the war effort. Content Vocabulary • greenback • habeas corpus • conscription • attrition Academic Vocabulary • sufficient • implement People and Events to Identify • Robert E. Lee • Copperheads • James Mason • John Slidell • Trent Affair • Anaconda Plan Do you feel that the president should be able to change a law during wartime? A. Yes B. No A. A B. B 0% A 0% B Choosing Sides The Union had economic advantages at the start of the Civil War, but was politically divided; if the Confederacy could gain European support and wear down the North, it had a chance at victory. Choosing Sides (cont.) • Robert E. Lee—one of the most respected senior officers in the U.S. Army—received an offer from General Winfield Scott to command the Union’s troops. • Although Lee had spoken against secession, he resigned from the army and offered his services to the Confederacy. • Although the South had many experienced officers to lead its troops in battle, the North had several economic advantages. Choosing Sides (cont.) • Some of the North’s advantages included the following: − larger population − control of a navy − almost 90% of the nation’s factories − more miles of railroad track − control of the national treasury Resources of the Union and of the Confederacy Choosing Sides (cont.) − continued revenue from tariffs − large reserves of cash in banks • Congress passed the Legal Tender Act in February 1862, which created a national currency and allowed the government to issue paper money, or greenbacks. Resources of the Union and of the Confederacy Choosing Sides (cont.) • As the Civil War began, President Lincoln had to contend with divisions within his own party. • The Democrats also split into different factions—the War Democrats and the Peace Democrats (also called Copperheads). • One major disagreement between Republicans and Democrats concerned the use of conscription. Choosing Sides (cont.) • To enforce the militia law, Lincoln suspended writs of habeas corpus. • Although the South had no organized opposition party, President Jefferson Davis still faced many problems. − The Confederate constitution limited his ability to conduct the war. Choosing Sides (cont.) • The outbreak of the Civil War put the major governments of Europe in a difficult position. • The British and French met informally with the Confederate representatives in May 1861. • In late 1861, the Confederacy sent James Mason to Britain and John Slidell to France. Choosing Sides (cont.) • A Union warship intercepted a British ship and took Mason and Slidell prisoner—later known as the Trent Affair. • They were released after a few tense weeks and continued on their mission to seek Confederate allies in Europe. President Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus for which people? A. Those who opposed the war B. Those who openly supported the rebels C. Those who encouraged others to resist the militia draft D. A and B E. B and C 0% A A. A B. B C. C D.0% D0% 0% E.C ED B 0% E The First Modern War Unlike previous wars, the Civil War was fought with huge, mostly volunteer armies equipped with new technologies. The First Modern War (cont.) • By the 1850s, French and American inventors had developed a new, inexpensive conoidal (cone-shaped) bullet for rifles. − Conoidal bullets were accurate at greater ranges. − So troops would be fired on several more times while charging enemy lines. The First Modern War (cont.) • The Civil War marked the first time that troops defending their positions protected themselves with trenches and barriers instead of standing upright in a line. • Attrition played a critical role as the war dragged on. • The Southern disdain for remaining on the defensive meant that when battles occurred, Southern troops often went on the offensive, charging enemy lines and suffering very high causalities. The First Modern War (cont.) • Early in the war, the general in chief of the United States, Winfield Scott, proposed a strategy for defeating the South—referred to as the Anaconda Plan. • Lincoln agreed to implement Scott’s plan, and imposed a blockade on Southern ports, hoping for a quick victory. • Ultimately, he and other Union leaders realized that only a long war that focused on destroying the South’s armies had any chance of success. Early in the war, which kind of struggle did Jefferson Davis imagine? A. An offensive war B. A defensive war A. A B. B 0% A 0% B Big Ideas Geography and History The Union hoped to seize the Mississippi River valley and cut the Confederacy in two. Content Vocabulary • bounty • blockade runner Academic Vocabulary • assemble • crucial People and Events to Identify • “Stonewall” Jackson • David G. Farragut • Ulysses S. Grant • George B. McClellan • Emancipation Proclamation Do you agree that the government should have the right to force people to fight in a war? A. Agree B. Disagree A. A B. B 0% A 0% B Mobilizing the Troops To fight the war successfully, it became clear to leaders on both sides that they would need conscription to ensure the necessary number of troops. Mobilizing the Troops (cont.) • In the first months of the Civil War, President Lincoln was under great pressure to strike quickly against the South. • However, during a fight along the Bull Run River near Manassas Junction, “Stonewall” Jackson proved that this war would not be a short one. Mobilizing the Troops (cont.) • Fewer young men volunteered as the war dragged on, and both governments had to resort to conscription. • The North tried to encourage voluntary enlistment by offering a bounty to individuals who promised to serve three years in the military. • Congress finally introduced a draft in 1863 to raise necessary troops. Which type of person was not exempt from being drafted in the South? A. Key government workers B. Teachers 0% D 0% C A B0% C D B D. Planters who held at least 20 enslaved African Americans A. B. 0% C. D. A C. Doctors The Naval War Although the Union had experienced setbacks on land, its naval forces successfully blockaded Southern ports and took control of the mouth of the Mississippi River. The Naval War (cont.) • In April 1861, President Lincoln proclaimed a blockade of all Confederate ports. • Although the Union blockade became increasingly effective as the war dragged on, Union vessels were thinly spread and found it difficult to stop all of the blockade runners. • At the same time, Confederate ships operating out of foreign ports attacked Northern merchant ships at sea. The Naval War (cont.) • In February 1862, David G. Farragut took command of a Union force of 42 warships and 15,000 soldiers led by General Benjamin Butler. − On April 25, 1862, Farragut arrived in New Orleans. − Six days later, General Butler’s troops took control of the South’s largest city, and a center of cotton trade. Where were the Confederate ships Florida and Alabama built? A. Germany B. New Orleans C. Great Britain D. Boston 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C 0% D C 0% D The War in the West After the Union victory at Shiloh, the Union took control of eastern Tennessee. The War in the West (cont.) • In February 1862, as Farragut prepared for his attack on New Orleans, Union general Ulysses S. Grant gained control of all of Kentucky and most of western Tennessee. • Next, Grant led his troops up the Tennessee River to attack Corinth, Mississippi. • Confederate forces launched a surprise attack on Grant’s troops early on April 6, 1862 at Shiloh, but Grant forced the Confederates to retreat. The War in the West, 1862–1863 The War in the West (cont.) • Lincoln ordered General Don Carlos Buell to seize Chattanooga and cut the railroad lines that passed through the city. • Frustrated at Buell’s slow advance, Lincoln put General William Rosecrans in command. More troops were killed or wounded during the Battle of Shiloh than in any other battle up to that point. A. True B. False A. A B. B 0% A 0% B The War in the East After the Union defeated Lee at Antietam, Britain decided to stay out of the conflict and Lincoln issued a proclamation to end slavery. The War in the East (cont.) • After General McDowell’s failure at the First Battle of Bull Run, President Lincoln ordered General George B. McClellan to lead the Union army in the east. • Although popular with the troops, McClellan proved overly cautious and unwilling to attack unless he had overwhelming strength. The War in the East, 1862–1863 The War in the East (cont.) • In late June 1862, Lee began a series of attacks on McClellan’s army that became known as the Seven Days’ Battle. • Lee could not defeat the Union army but did inflict heavy casualties and force McClellan to retreat to the James River. • Lincoln ordered McClellan to bring his troops back to Washington; Lee decided to attack the retreating forces, forcing them to retreat once again. The War in the East, 1862–1863 The War in the East (cont.) • Confederate forces stood only 20 miles away from Washington. • Lee decided to invade Maryland for several reasons: − An invasion might convince the North to accept the South’s independence. − A victory on northern soil might help the South win recognition from the British. The War in the East, 1862–1863 The War in the East (cont.) − A victory might also help the Peace Democrats gain control of Congress in the upcoming elections. − Lee could also feed his troops from Northern farms and draw Union troops out of Virginia during harvest season. The War in the East, 1862–1863 The War in the East (cont.) • The Battle of Antietam was a crucial victory for the Union for several reasons: − Lee’s defeat made the British decide once again to wait and see how the war progressed before choosing sides. − The South lost its best chance at gaining international recognition and support. − Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation. The War in the East, 1862–1863 The War in the East (cont.) • As Lee’s forces marched toward Antietam, Lincoln said that if the Union could drive those forces from Northern soil, he would issue a proclamation ending slavery. − On September 22, 1862, Lincoln publicly announced that he would issue the Emancipation Proclamation. − The Proclamation freed enslaved African Americans in states at war with the Union, but not the border states. Which battle was the bloodiest oneday battle in the war and in American history? A. Battle of Shiloh B. Seven Days’ Battle C. Battle of Antietam D. Battle of Bull Run 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C 0% D C 0% D Big Ideas Trade, War, and Migration The Civil War brought great suffering and widespread changes to civilians, as well as soldiers, on both sides of the conflict. Content Vocabulary • hardtack • prisoner of war Academic Vocabulary • denial • supplement People and Events to Identify • 54th Massachusetts • Elizabeth Blackwell • United States Sanitary Commission • Clara Barton Do you think you could endure hardships in order to defend a cause? A. Yes B. No A. A B. B 0% A 0% B The Wartime Economies While the South suffered inflation and food shortages, the North prospered during the war. The Wartime Economies (cont.) • The collapse of the South’s transportation system, the blockade of Southern ports, and the presence of Union troops in several important agricultural regions led to severe food shortages during the winter of 1862–1863. The Wartime Economies (cont.) • The North experienced an economic boom because of the war for several reasons: − Growing industries supplied the troops with uniforms, munitions, and other necessities. − The expanded use of mechanized reapers and mowers made farming possible with fewer workers, many of whom were women. The Wartime Economies (cont.) − Women filled labor shortages in various industries. • New sewing machines greatly increased the productivity of seamstresses. The North experienced episodes of mob violence over which issue? A. Food shortages B. Slavery C. The presidential election D. Conscription 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C 0% D C 0% D African Americans in the Military Many African Americans eagerly enlisted in the Union war effort. African Americans in the Military (cont.) • The Emancipation Proclamation officially permitted African Americans to enlist in the Union forces. − Almost immediately, thousands of African Americans enlisted. • Among the first African American regiments organized in the North was the 54th Massachusetts, which fought valiantly at the Battle of Fort Wagner. The Battle of Fort Wagner Which percentage of the Union army’s soldiers were African Americans? A. 5% B. 7% C. 9% D. 11% 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C 0% D C 0% D Military Life Soldiers suffered physical hardship and women provided medical assistance. Military Life (cont.) • Union and Confederate soldiers suffered many hardships during the long days and weeks between battles. − For the Union soldier, meals often consisted of hardtack, potatoes, and beans, flavored at times with dried salt pork. • The Civil War produced huge numbers of casualties, and doctors struggled to tend to the wounded. Military Life (cont.) • Women helped the war effort at home by managing family farms and businesses. • On the battlefield, women made dramatic contributions to the Civil War by serving as nurses. − In 1861, Elizabeth Blackwell, the first female physician in the United States, started the nation’s first training program for nurses. • Her work led to the creation of the United States Sanitary Commission. Military Life (cont.) − Clara Barton left her job in patent office to nurse soldiers on the battlefield. • Prisoners of war also suffered terribly during the conflict. − The most infamous prison in the South, Andersonville in Georgia, had no shade or shelter. − Exposure, overcrowding, lack of food, and disease resulted in the deaths of 13,000 of the 45,000 prisoners sent there. One of the greatest threats facing Civil War soldiers was which of the following? A. Disease B. Gunshot wounds C. Starvation D. Exhaustion 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C 0% D C 0% D Big Ideas Geography and History The Union victory at Vicksburg cut the Confederacy in two. Content Vocabulary • forage • siege Academic Vocabulary • encounter • promote People and Events to Identify • Ambrose Burnside • Joseph Hooker • George Meade • Gettysburg • Pickett’s Charge • William Tecumseh Sherman Do you feel that choosing a good leader is difficult? A. Yes B. No A. A B. B 0% A 0% B Vicksburg Falls General Grant captured Vicksburg, thus gaining control of the Mississippi River and dividing the South. Vicksburg Falls (cont.) • Despite previous successes, one major Confederate stronghold remained on the river—Vicksburg, Mississippi. • To distract Confederates while he carried out this difficult task of approaching Vicksburg, Grant ordered Colonel Benjamin Grierson to take his troops on a raid through Mississippi. The Siege of Vicksburg Vicksburg Falls (cont.) • Grant embarked on a daring march east, ordering his troops to forage as they marched. • Grant decided that the only way to take Vicksburg was to put it under siege. • After six weeks, the Confederate commander surrendered. The Siege of Vicksburg Why was capturing Vicksburg an important victory for the Union? A. The Union could control most of the South now. B. The Confederacy was geographically cut in two. C. The Union needed the port for shipping purposes. D. The Confederacy could not import food. 0% A A. B. 0% C. D. B A B 0% C D C 0% D The Road to Gettysburg Gettysburg was the bloodiest battle of the war and the last time the Confederates invaded the North. The Road to Gettysburg (cont.) • On November 7, 1862, Lincoln fired McClellan and gave command of the army to General Ambrose Burnside. − Lincoln later replaced Burnside with Joseph Hooker. • Lee’s forces repeatedly defeated the Union troops near Chancellorsville, Virginia, and Hooker decided to retreat. The Road to Gettysburg (cont.) • Lincoln then removed Hooker from command and replaced him with General George Meade. • Lee’s army foraged in the Pennsylvania countryside—some of his troops headed into the town of Gettysburg to scout for the enemy. The Battle of Gettysburg The Road to Gettysburg (cont.) • The Confederates pushed the Union troops out of the town and into the hills of the south. • Lee attacked, but the Union troops held their ground. • Lee then ordered what came to be known as Pickett’s Charge. • At Gettysburg, over one-third of Lee’s entire force was killed or wounded. The Battle of Gettysburg The Road to Gettysburg (cont.) • The Union suffered 23,000 casualties, but could afford the losses. • Gettysburg proved to be the turning point in the war. The Battle of Gettysburg Why was Gettysburg a turning point in the war? A. The Union’s victory strengthened the Republicans politically. B. The Union’s victory ensured that Britain would not recognize the Confederacy. C. Lee’s forces fought on the defensive for the rest of the war. D. All of the above 0% A A. A B. B 0% C. C0% D. D B C 0% D Battle for Tennessee After Grant won control of Tennessee, Lincoln appointed him general in chief. Battle for Tennessee (cont.) • After the Union’s major victories at Vicksburg and Gettysburg, fierce fighting erupted in Tennessee near Chattanooga. • Grant ordered General William Tecumseh Sherman to attack Confederate positions on the north end of Missionary Ridge. • When Sherman failed to break through, Grant ordered 23,000 men under General George Thomas to launch a limited attack against the Confederates in front of Missionary Ridge as a diversion. Battle for Tennessee (cont.) • Thomas’s troops succeeded, winning Chattanooga for the Union army. • Lincoln rewarded Grant’s victories at Vicksburg and Chattanooga by appointing him general in chief of the Union forces and promoting him to lieutenant general. Why was Chattanooga an important victory? D. A and B B A E. All of the above 0% 0% 0% 0% 0% E C. It cleared the way for an invasion of Georgia. A B C D E D B. It secured eastern Tennessee. A. B. C. D. E. C A. It was a vital railroad junction. Big Ideas Individual Action In the final year of the Civil War, General Ulysses S. Grant refused to take the pressure off General Robert E. Lee’s weary troops. Content Vocabulary • pillage • mandate Academic Vocabulary • subordinate • structure People and Events to Identify • Philip Sheridan • “Sherman neckties” • March to the Sea • Thirteenth Amendment • Appomattox Courthouse Do you think that the Civil War was necessary in order to end slavery? A. Yes B. No A. A B. B 0% A 0% B Grant Versus Lee During the final year of the war, Grant’s forces battled Lee’s forces for control of Virginia. Grant Versus Lee (cont.) • Grant fought Lee’s army in the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor. • Stopped by Lee at Cold Harbor, Grant ordered General Philip Sheridan to stage a cavalry raid north and west of Richmond. • While Sheridan’s troops distracted Lee, Grant headed southeast, crossed the James River, and then turned west toward Petersburg. Grant v. Lee, 1864–1865 Grant Versus Lee (cont.) • The strength of the defenses the Confederates had erected at Petersburg intimidated the Union troops, so Grant ordered his troops to put the city under siege. Grant v. Lee, 1864–1865 Capturing which city would cut the only railroad line into Richmond? A. Spotsylvania B. Cold Harbor C. Petersburg D. Fredericksburg 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C 0% D C 0% D The Union Advances After the fall of Atlanta, General Sherman led his troops across the state of Georgia, causing mass destruction along the way. The Union Advances (cont.) • On August 5, 1864, Admiral Farragut sealed off Mobile Bay in Alabama. • In late August 1864, Sherman’s troops destroyed the rail lines by heating the rails and twisting them into snarls of steel nicknamed “Sherman neckties.” • General B. Hood ordered his troops to evacuate Atlanta. The Union Advances (cont.) • Sherman ordered all civilians to leave Atlanta, and burnt down more than one-third of the city. • He then began his March to the Sea and seized the city of Savannah. • After reaching the sea, the troops marched to South Carolina and pillaged everything in front of them. Sherman’s March to the Sea Why did Sherman’s troops march to South Carolina? A. To further destroy the South B. South Carolina was considered the home of the Confederacy. C. Many people believed that South Carolina started the Civil War. D. To claim it for the Union 0% A A. B. C. 0% D. B A B C0% D C 0% D The South Surrenders After Lee surrendered, Lincoln was assassinated before the country had agreed on the future of former slaves and the defeated South. The South Surrenders (cont.) • To oppose Lincoln in the 1864 election, the Democrats nominated General George B. McClellan. • Lincoln won reelection with 55% of the popular vote, and interpreted his reelection as a mandate to end slavery permanently by amending the Constitution. • On January 31, 1865, the Thirteenth Amendment was added to the Constitution. The South Surrenders (cont.) • With his ragged and battered troops surrounded and outnumbered, Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Courthouse on April 9, 1865. • Grant’s generous terms of surrender guaranteed that the United States would not prosecute Confederate soldiers for treason. The South Surrenders (cont.) • On the evening of April 14, 1865, Lincoln went to Ford’s Theatre with his wife to see a play. − During the third act, John Wilkes Booth slipped quietly behind him and shot the president in the back of the head. − Lincoln’s death shocked and saddened the nation. The South Surrenders (cont.) • The North’s victory in the Civil War caused many changes: − It strengthened the power of the federal government over the states. − It transformed American society by finally ending slavery. − It left the South socially and economically devastated. The Cost of the Civil War Which idea of Lincoln’s eventually caused his death? A. Freeing African Americans D. Giving African Americans the right to vote 0% 0% D A B0% C D C A C. Allowing African Americans to attend school A. B. 0% C. D. B B. Including African Americans in Southern state governments North v. South 1861 • Lincoln orders a blockade of Southern ports. • The Confederacy organizes its government. • The South wins the First Battle of Bull Run. • Both sides begin building up their forces. North v. South 1862 • Farragut captures New Orleans. • After the Battles of Shiloh and Murfreesboro, the Union gains control of western Tennessee. • Led by McClellan, Union troops land in Virginia to begin the Peninsular Campaign; after a series of battles with Lee’s forces, McClellan’s forces withdraw. • Lee invades the North, but is defeated at the Battle of Antietam. North v. South 1863: The Turning Point • Lincoln issues the Emancipation Proclamation. • Grant captures Vicksburg after a long siege and cuts the Confederacy in two. • After winning the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville, Lee invades the north but is defeated at the Battle of Gettysburg. • After losing the Battle of Chickamauga, Union forces drive back Southern forces at the Battle of Chattanooga. • Grant is given command of all Union forces. North v. South 1864 • Grant battles Lee’s forces in northern Virginia; Lee retreats into Petersburg, which Grant puts under siege. • Sherman captures Atlanta, then begins his March to the Sea across Georgia. North v. South 1865 • Lee attempts to escape from Petersburg but is surrounded by Grant’s forces and surrenders at Appomattox Courthouse; other Confederate forces surrender as well. • Lincoln is assassinated. Chapter Transparencies Menu Why It Matters Cause-and-Effect Transparency Unit Time Line Transparency Select a transparency to view. ANSWER: Union ANSWER: Union troops greenback a piece of U.S. paper money first issued by the North during the Civil War conscription requiring people to enter military service habeas corpus a legal order for an inquiry to determine whether a person has been lawfully imprisoned attrition the act of wearing down by constant harassment or attack sufficient enough, adequate implement to put into action; to assemble bounty money given as a reward, as to encourage enlistment in the army blockade runner ship that runs through a blockade, usually to smuggle goods through a protected area assemble to bring together in a certain place for a particular purpose crucial something considered important or essential hardtack a hard biscuit made of wheat flour prisoner of war a person captured in war denial refusal to satisfy a request or desire supplement an addition to something, meant to make it complete forage to search or raid for food siege a military blockade of a city or fortified place to force it to surrender encounter to come upon face-to-face as an enemy or adversary promote to advance in station, rank, or honor pillage to loot or plunder mandate authorization to act given to a representative subordinate one who is under the authority of a superior structure something that is composed or arranged into a unified whole, as a building or edifice To use this Presentation Plus! product: Click the Forward button to go to the next slide. 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