Plant Structure Notes
Evolution and types of plants
 Since the earth was once covered in water, plants had to make
survive on land
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The ability to
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The ability to
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The ability to
adaptations to
Plants can be placed under two groups
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- having true roots, leaves, and stems
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Ex. ferns, conifers, flowering plants
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- not having true roots, leaves, and stems
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Ex. mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Vascular Plants can be divided into two groups
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Plants-Made up of ferns and plants closely associated with ferns
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Plants-Two types of seed plants
1.
in fruit
-which includes pine trees, produce seeds that are not encased
2.
- aka flowering plants, produce seeds within a protective fruit
The two main groups of angiosperms are the monocots and the dicots
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Monocots
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_________________ cotyledon
–
______________________ leaf venation
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_________________________ vascular bundles
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Flower parts in ___________________________________________
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_____________________________________ roots
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Dicots- aka eudicots
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________________________ cotyledons
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____________________________ leaf venation
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__________________________________________of vascular bundles
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Flower parts in ______________________________________________
–
_____________________________________ system
A typical plant body contains three basic organs: roots, stems, and leaves
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Plants
water and minerals from soil through
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Plants
the sun’s energy and carbon dioxide from the air through
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Plant roots depend on shoots for
produced via photosynthesis

Plant shoots depend on roots for
and
Plant roots
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Anchor plant
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Absorb water and nutrients
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Store food
Plant shoots
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Stems, leaves, and reproductive structures
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Stems provide support
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Leaves carry out photosynthesis
Many plants have modified roots, stems, and leaves

Modifications of plant parts are adaptations for various functions
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Food or water
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reproduction
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–
–
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Root modifications
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Food storage
–
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Stem modifications
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Runners (allow for asexual reproduction)
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Leaf modifications
–
–
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Examples include carrots & potatoes
Climbing
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tendril
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Example: pea plants
Protection
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Thorns or spines
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Example: Cactus spine
Plants cells have three structures that distinguish them from animals cells
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used in photosynthesis
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A large, fluid-filled
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A
composed of cellulose
PLANT GROWTH
Plants are categorized based on how long they live
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complete their life cycle in one year
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complete their life cycle in two years
–
live for many years
Primary growth vs Secondary Growth
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Primary growth is the _________________________ of a plant (shoot ____________________
____________ and root ______________________________________________).
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Secondary growth is an increase in diameter of roots and shoots (________________________).
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This growth does not occur at all parts of the body like in animals. This is because not all cells in
a plant _____________________.
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_______________________________________ – small, unspecialized cells that divide
continually
Meristem
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There are two types of meristem cells.
1. Apical meristem – located at the tips of roots and shoots
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Responsible for primary growth
2. Lateral meristem – cells responsible for creating more xylem / phloem and bark
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Responsible for secondary growth
Secondary growth increases the girth of woody plants
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Vascular cambium produces the _________________________________________
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Cork cambium produces the outer
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Wood annual rings show when new growth starts each year.
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(transport)- functional, lighter-colored wood near the outside of
the trunk
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(storage)- the darker wood at the center of the trunk
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- transports water
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- transports food