Chapter 17
 Human
civilization would not have been
possible without the development of crops





Allowed societies to settle in one area
Generated calories sufficient to share
This in turn freed some individuals to specialize
in other things like art, pottery, cloth, metals
If stationary, need to determine how to share
that area and resources – need government
Civilizations formed where agriculture developed
first – usually specific crops can be identified

Wheat, barley, corn, etc.
A. Monocot
B. Dicot
Roots: sugar
beet, carrot,
turnip, sweet
potatoes
Leaves: tendrils
and spines
Stem: rhizomes – horizontal
and near surface; stolon above ground
 Flow
of water
and nutrients is
regulated by
cells
 Extracellular
movement is
blocked by a
waxy barrier, the
Casparian strip
 Thus all
movement is
regulated by
cells in the root
And Flowers
are modified
leaves
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
A plant breathes through specialized leaves
called tendrils
CO2 is taken in and O2 released through
root hairs
Vascular tissue called phloem moves gases
in and out of the plant’s leaves and stems.
Gas exchange in and out of the plant’s body
occurs via the leaf stomata
Both c and d are correct
A) at the surface of plant organs.
B) near the center of the plant stems and roots.
C) lining the vascular tissue.
D) throughout the plant body.
E) only in plants that have secondary growth.
 Some
fungi live in plant
roots in a mutualistic
relationship



Fungus gets sugars
Plant gets increased
water and ion uptake
Some fungi also secrete
antibiotics
 Plant
special features
 Transportation of water and minerals in plant
 Role of xylem and phloem in transportation
and meeting the needs of the plant
 Maintaining
a
healthy soil
 Sustainable use of
water and
nutrients
 Protect against
water and wind
erosion
 Minimize use of
artificial fertilizers
and pesticides
On a trip to the Southwest, you and a friend collect some seeds from a
piñon, which is a type of pine tree. Your friend also gathers a small
bagful of soil from under the piñon tree. Back home, both of you plant
your seeds in commercial sterilized potting soil, but your friend adds a
spoonful of the collected dirt to each of her pots. Her seedlings do
better than yours. Which of the following is the likeliest reason?
A) Pine seedlings are better adapted to the sandy soil of the
Southwest than to commercial potting mix.
B) The soil from the Southwest probably contained macronutrients
missing from the potting mix.
C) The soil from the Southwest probably contained nitrogen-fixing
bacteria that colonized the seedlings' root nodules.
D) The soil from the Southwest probably contained fungi able to
establish a mycorrhizal association with the seedlings'
roots.
E) The soil from the Southwest probably contained the eggs of worms
and other soil animals.
Chapter 18
Asexually
Sexually
Advantages: faster, less energy, preserves winning allele combination.
Disadvantage: Reduced genetic variation
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gEcv3dBu
Oe4
Ovary develops
into fruit
(Protective)
http://search.yahoo
.com/search;_ylt=Av
eBa4WI3_S.poEk9h0k
RIObvZx4?p=Touch+
me+nots&toggle=1&c
op=mss&ei=UTF8&fr=yfp-t-701
Which of the following is TRUE about a sexually
reproducing population?
a) It is energetically more efficient than
asexual reproduction.
b) “Winning alleles” are always preserved in
the offspring.
c) The population can better keep up with
changing conditions.
d) It is faster than asexual reproduction.
e) There is no need to find a mate.
Which of the following is a likely way in
which plants increase dispersal of their
seeds?
a) Fruits are conspicuously colored.
b) Fruits taste good.
c) Fruit colors attract female birds.
d) Both a) and b) are true.
e) Both a) and c) are true.
What is the first step that occurs in the process
of angiosperm reproduction after a pollen
grain lands on a stigma of the correct species?
a) There is no pollen tube involved, the sperm
cells move down the stigma to the ovaries.
b) The first step after pollination varies
depending on the species of the plant.
c) The sperm cells immediately move down the
pollen tube since the tube was previously
formed.
d) The sperm cells immediately fertilizes the egg
cells that are located in the stigma.
e) A pollen tube forms to carry the sperm cells
toward the ovary.
 Meristem
=
undifferentiated cells



Located where plant
grows – buds and root
tips
Primary vs Secondary
growth
Lateral meristem of
stems and roots

Cork and vascular
cambrium
Meristem:
Vascular cambium comes
from primary xylem.
Cork cambium comes
from division of ground
tissue cells just below the
Epidermis
 Wood
= Secondary
Xylem (both
Heartwood &
Sapwood)
Heartwood = older,
more filled with
thickened sap
 Sapwood = younger

 Bark
= Secondary
phloem, Cork
Cambium, Cork, &
Epidermis
a)
b)
c)
d)
Elongation of trunk, new leaves, widening
of branches and roots
Meristem divides in leaf tips, stem nodes,
root tips
New leaves, at root and branch tips,
widening of trunk and roots
Zone of differentiation has dividing cells
that enlarge stems and roots, new leaves,
and enlarged vascular tissue in stems
A) Yes, because a tree elongates from the
ground up.
B) Yes, because secondary growth will cause
them to move up.
C) No, because trees stop growing if they are
damaged.
D) No, because elongation occurs in the tips of
growing stems in the apical meristems.
E) Yes, because growth continues in all parts of
a plant throughout its life.
A) The use of native plants to restore habitat
for wildlife after disasters such as Hurricane
Katrina.
B) The use of plants to clean up polluted soil
and groundwater.
C) Treatment of soils and groundwater with
chemicals to prevent plant death.
D) The use of plants to remove carbon dioxide
from the atmosphere.
E) The use of plants to improve the appearance
of devastated areas after disasters.