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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Videos and Links
o http://wn.com/muscle_contraction_contractions_by_muscle_type

General Muscle Overview
http://web.mit.edu/tkd/stretch/stretching_toc.html#SEC6

Types of Muscle Contraction
http://www.athleticquickness.com/musclecontractions.asp

Analysis of Movement
http://www.jroscoe.co.uk/download/tryouts/AQAAS_ch3.pdf

Anatomy Zone
http://www.youtube.com/channel/UCR9m1bxGaw3Ubrap34U-yDA

The Rotator Cuff
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SfUmN_V-28w
Women can and should get strong. Since the admission of women to West Point in
1976, for example, that institution has had several women graduates who could perform
more than 100 straight-back push-ups (the so-called “male push-up”) in two minutes,
including one woman in 1990 who did 132 push-ups in two minutes (CSS, 2012).
A Refresher for 1.1.10: Types of Synovial Joints
Identify six types of synovial joints and provide one example in the human body for each.
Type of Joint
Hinge Joint
Ball and socket
Pivot
Saddle
Condyloid
Gliding
Example(s) in the Human Body
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Investigation 1: JOINTS IN ACTION
During most physical activity, the knee joint plays a vital role in movement.
1. Describe how the anatomical structures of the knee joint protect and stabilise the
joint.
Answer
2. Observe the action pictures in Figure 1.3. Name the types of synovial joint located
at the knee and hip of the swimmer and basketball player. Analyse the movement
patterns happening at these joints.
Answer
Figure 1.3 Swimming and basketball actions
3.
What factors determine the degree of movement at joints?
Answer
4.
Identify and categorise four joints that are involved in the arm action of the
tennis serve.
Answer
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4.2.1
Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Outline the types of movement of synovial joint
Table 1
Movement
Flexion
Extension
Adduction
Abduction
Pronation
Supination
Inversion
Eversion
Dorsiflexion
Plantarflexion
Description
Application
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Investigation
Working with a partner, locate the joints identified in Table 1.2 and identify the joint type.
Place a tick in the appropriate boxes relevant to the movement patterns for each of the joints
listed.
Table 1.1 Joint analysis
2.
Define circumduction and, using the information in Table 1.2, list the joints
where this can occur.
Answer
Eversion
Wrist
Radio
ulnar
Elbow
Shoulder
Shoulder
Girdle
Hip
Knee
Ankle
Inversion
Dorsiflexion
Plantar
flexion
Depression
Elevation
Pronation
Supination
Rotation
Adduction
Abduction
Joint type
Extension
Joint
Flexion
C = cartilaginous
S = synovial
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3.
Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Identify the movement patterns performed at the joint sites listed for the
following physical activities:

Sit and reach test: abdomen area, hip.
Answer

Step up onto a bench: knees, hip.
Answer
a. Basketball shooting: wrists, elbows, shoulders.
Answer
Design an Animation
OK, now your task is to design an animation which
educates people (PE students especially) about
movement types. The way you’re going to do this is by
setting up a free account on the animation desk’ website
and follow the instructions from there.
Your website must include all the movements from the
table (if possible), it must give sporting examples and of
course it would help if it was entertaining!!
Good luck!
HERE IS ONE ON YOUTUBE THAT WAS DONE QUICKLY. YOUR’S SHOULD BE MILES BETTER!
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4.2.2
Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Outline the types of muscle contractions (Please read below carefully)
When we think of a muscle contracting normally, we tend to think of the muscle shortening
as it generates force. While it's true that this is a way of muscle contracting, there are many
different ways that a muscle can generate force.
Have you ever tried to pick something up that was really heavy, only to find out that you
couldn't lift it? Or, how about, have you ever pulled on something, like a door handle, but
didn't open it? In these situations, you contracted muscles and created tension, but the
muscle did not shorten.
The shortening of the fibers creates mechanical force, or muscle tension. Whether the
muscle itself changes length (isotonic contraction) or not (isometric contraction)
depends upon the load attached to the muscle.
For example, your biceps muscle is attached to your shoulder blade at one end and to your
ulna in your forearm at the other end. When the biceps contracts, it shortens and pulls the
ulna towards the shoulder blade. This movement allows you to lift your forearm and a given
load or resitance. In contrast, if you are carrying a heavy load, such as a full suitcase, that
makes you unable to lift your forearm, then the biceps does not shorten significantly. But the
force that the muscle generates is helping you carry the suitcase.
1. Explain the following terminology in relation to muscle movement:
a. Static
Answer:
b. Dynamic
Answer:
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Until the mid-20th century, most scientists assumed that when a muscle
shortened, its components did too, thereby resulting in contraction (movement). In
1954, however, two research teams (one from MIT and one from Cambridge)
discovered that when muscles contract, the filaments within each muscle fiber
actually slide past each other. Known as the sliding filament theory, their findings
serve as the basic explanation for the process of muscular contraction. (CSS, 2012)
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4.2.2
Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Outline the types of muscle contractions (cont)
Watch….
Types of Contractions
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T3OiOJ6-x34
For each of the following, provide an example of an exercise or movement with the
relevant muscle(s) involved to explain the changes that occur during each type of
contraction:
Types of Muscle Contractions
For each of the following, explain how the muscle is contracting and provide an example.
1. Isometric
Answer:
2. Concentric
Answer:
3. Eccentric
Answer:
4. Isotonic
Answer:
5. Isokinetic
Answer:
See…
www.ptdirect.com/training-design/anatomy-and-physiology/musculoskeletal-system/skeletal-muscleroles-and-contraction-types
http://education-portal.com/academy/lesson/isometric-and-isotonic-contraction-definition-andexamples.html#lesson
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Application
1.
When kicking a football, the quadriceps muscle works to straighten the knee
and the hamstrings contribute to control and slow down the motion of the
lower limb. In this action, which muscle is contracting:
a. Concentrically?

Answer:
b. Eccentrically?

2.
Answer:
Which type of contraction (isometric or isotonic) is prevalent in the
following exercises:
a. When holding a plank position.
Answer:
b. The lift on a lateral raise
Answer:
c. A wall sit (static squat)
Answer:
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4.2.3
Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Explain the concept of reciprocal inhibition
Please Watch “Muscle Theory”: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4t2X2IvGyUE
Read more- Movement Analysis: http://www.brianmac.co.uk/moveanal.htm
1. Explain each of the following in terms of their role in joint movement:

Agonist
Answer:

Antagonist
Answer:
For Your Information- Stabilizer and Neutralizer

Stabilizer- Answer:
Certain muscles are considered to have the primary function of stabilizers in the body,
being, by virtue of their position, shape, angle or structure, more suited to work as a
stabilizer than as a mobilizer.. For instance, the abdominal group of muscles, once
primarily thought of as a muscle we perform sit ups with, is much more important as a
major stabilizer of the spine.

Neutralizer- Answer:
Like fixators, act to prevent unwanted movement. But instead of acting to prevent the
unwanted movement of a body part they act to pull against and cancel out an
unwanted line of pull from the agonist or prime mover. Many muscles can produce a
pulling force in more than one direction so that an undesired joint action may occur
simultaneously. Neutralizers prevent this.
2. Explain reciprocal inhibition using a bicep curl as an example. Answer:
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Investigation: The Lateral Raise
http://www.exrx.net/WeightExercises/DeltoidLateral/DBLateralRaise.html
1. Identify the following when considering the lift on a lateral raise:
a. Type of joint: Answerb. Type of movement: Answerc. Main agonist: Answerd. Main antagonist: Answer-
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A
Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
detailed
analysis
of
movement
is
a
complex
activity
requiring
sophisticated equipment. However, a basic analysis of movement can be
done visually and should involve the following:
o a description of the movements which occur at the joints involved
o the body plane and axis in which the movement occurs
o the major muscles producing the movement
o the function of the muscles involved (agonists, antagonists, synergists or fixators)
o the type of contraction (isotonic -concentric or eccentric, isometric)
Movement Analysis: The Strike Phase of a Soccer Kick
Movement(s)
Main
Body
Type of
Produced
Agonist
Plane
Contraction
Ankle
(hinge)
plantar
flexion
tibialis
anterior
sagittal
eccentric
Knee
(hinge)
extension
quadriceps
group
sagittal
concentric
Hip
(ball and
socket)
flexion
iliopsoas
sagittal
concentric
Joint Type
Action at Joints: An Overview
Complete the missing information for each of the actions identified.
Action
Elevating the
shoulders
Extending the elbow
Flexing the wrist
Flexing the knee
Dorsiflexion of the
ankle
Flexing the trunk
Main Agonist
Main
Antagonist
Type of
Contraction
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
4.2.4 Analyse movements in relation to joint action and muscle
contraction
Please watch “Analysis of Movement”- Squats and Press Ups:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFDl4cL9ts0
The Hip Joint
1. What bones are articulating at the hip joint during a squat?
Answer:
2. At what type of joint is the movement taking place?
Answer:
3. What type(s) of movement(s) is occurring at the joint?
Answer:
4. In which plane and axis is the movement occurring?
Answer:
5. Identify the major muscle(s) involved in the motion:
Answer:
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
The Knee Joint
1. What bones are articulating at the knee joint during a squat?
Answer:
2. At what type of joint is the movement taking place?
Answer:
3. What type(s) of movement(s) is occurring at the joint?
Answer:
4. In which plane and axis is the movement occurring?
Answer:
5. Identify the major muscle(s) involved in the motion:
Answer:
Motion of the Squat: Down with Knee Flexion
During the downward motion of a squat, which major muscle(s) would be:
1. The agonist(s)?
Answer:
2. The antagonist(s)?
Answer:
.
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Motion of the Squat: Up with Knee Extension
During the upwards motion of a squat, which major muscle(s) would be:
1. The agonist(s)?
Answer:
.
2. The antagonist(s)?
Answer:
Summary Movement Analysis: The Squat
Joint Type

Phase of
Main
Body
Body
Type of
Movement
Agonist
Plane
Axis
Contraction
Ankle
(hinge)
Downward
Knee
(hinge)
Downward
Hip
(ball and
socket)
Downward
Upward
Upward
Upward
Biomechanics of the Squat http://www.breathe.edu.au/biomechanics-of-the-squat/
OR
https://books.google.co.th/books?id=FLibPedEE2YC&pg=PA14&dq=what+is+the+ago
nist+muscles+in+upward+phase+of+the+squat&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjctNqL8
M7JAhWCWI4KHfjbCZoQ6AEIGjAA#v=onepage&q=what%20is%20the%20agonist%2
0muscles%20in%20upward%20phase%20of%20the%20squat&f=false
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4.2.5
Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Explain delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS) in relation
to eccentric and concentric muscle contractions
Please read below
UC HEALTH LINE: Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness—a Real Pain After
Exercise
For the fitness-inclined, a hard workout can actually feel good: a chance to loosen up
tight joints, sweat out the day’s stress and push through the burn of those last few
reps. But anyone who has pushed themselves with heavier weights or more miles has
surely experienced the consequences the next day, when tight and sore muscles will
barely let you walk up steps or lift your arms.
It’s called Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness, or DOMS, and it’s perfectly normal, says
Dan Carl, PhD, an assistant professor of clinical rehabilitative sciences at UC’s College
of Allied Health Sciences. In typical DOMS, severe soreness and a decreased range of
motion will develop between 24 and 48 hours after exercise, peak within 72 hours and
then subside shortly after. It’s the body’s normal process after an intense workout and,
Carl says, there isn’t much you can to do avoid it.
"When you’re truly working the muscle, DOMS is inevitable,” he says. "You’re creating
microtrauma at the individual fiber level, so you’re actually creating tears and
disruption in the protein itself.”
When muscle fibers tear, Carl said calcium will leak out, leading to further breakdown
of the protein and stimulation of the body’s inflammatory-repair response, which floods
the area with cells known as macrophages and neutrophils to begin the repair process.
While the response creates soreness and stiffness in the muscle, it quickly mends the
torn fibers, even making them stronger and thicker than before.
What isn’t in the muscle during this process? Lactic acid. Carl said the past theory that
a buildup of lactic acid caused muscle soreness has been discredited.
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
"It was the theory among scientists in the ’60s and ’70s,” he says, "but we have since
figured out lactate has nothing to do with it. Lactic acid clears out fairly quickly from
the muscles, within 15 to 20 minutes, if you do any sort of cool down or activity after
the true intensity of the workout.”
Carl says DOMS is particularly prevalent among "weekend warriors” or light exercisers
trying to increase their stamina: "If you’re training every day, then part of your body’s
training adaption is your ability to recover and offset that damage. Those people will
have minor swelling within the tissue, but not the kind of swelling you get with DOMS.”
If you do find yourself aching after a tough workout, try to keep moving. "Light
walking or activity would help out tremendously,” says Carl. "It can produce an
increase in fluid movement throughout the muscle tissue. Ice is your friend, too, as it
reduces swelling. Regardless, DOMS takes 24 to 48 hours to repair itself, at minimum.”
While DOMS is a normal response to intense exercise, Carl says it doesn’t include
sharp, piercing pain or throbbing in the affected muscle. If you’re affected by any of
those symptoms after a workout, contact your doctor.
o Retrieved from… http://healthnews.uc.edu/news/?/14616/
What is DOMS, how is it
caused and what can we do??
Click on this link and read an
interesting article about this
common cause of muscle
soreness.
Then in the space below,
note the information that you
think is most important.
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Check Your Understanding…
1. What causes delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS)?
Answer:
2. Outline the progress of DOMS from when an exercise is completed to the onset of
symptoms.
Answer:
3. Which type of muscle contraction typically contributes to DOMS, concentric or
eccentric? Explain.
Answer:
4. What are the symptoms of DOMS?
Answer:
5. What are three non- medicinal remedies for DOMS?
Answer:
Read more: No pain, no gain? 5 myths about post-workout muscle soreness
http://edition.cnn.com/2014/08/04/health/muscle-soreness-myths/
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Review
1. Bookmark it! Review key terminology at the following website:
Anatomy Flash Cards: http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/hhp/flashcards/
2. Quiz Busters! Challenge yourself or play with a partner:
http://www.teachers-direct.co.uk/resources/quiz-busters/quiz-busters-game.aspx?game_id=80322
3. For each type of movement, identify the opposite motion:
o Flexion ---o Adduction ---o Pronation ----
o Plantarflexion -----
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
4. Read-
Movements
Agonist
Antagonist
Wrist flexion
flexor digitorum
extensor digitorum
Wrist extension
extensor digitorum
flexor digitorum
Elbow flexion
biceps brachii
triceps brachii
elbow extension
triceps brachii
biceps brachii
anterior deltoid
pectoralis major
biceps brachii
posterior deltoid
latissimus dorsi
latissimus dorsi
pectoralis major
posterior deltoid
latissimus dorsi
triceps brachii
anterior deltoid
pectoralis major
Shoulder flexion
Shoulder extension
Shoulder adduction
deltoid (middle)
shoulder abduction
deltoid (middle)
latissimus dorsi
pectoralis major
Spine/ trunk flexion
rectus abdominis
erector spinae
Spine/ trunk extension
erector spinae
rectus abdominis
iliopsoas
quadriceps
gluteus maximus
hamstrings
gluteus maximus
hamstrings
iliopsoas
(quadriceps)
Knee flexion
hamstrings
quadriceps
Knee extension
quadriceps
hamstrings
Dorsiflexion
tibialis anterior
gastrocnemius
soleus
Plantarflexion
gastrocnemius
soleus
tibialis anterior
Hip flexion
Hip extension
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Investigation 1: An Analysis of limb movement
Task One
1. Perform a curl with a light bar.
Figure 1: Performing a curl with a
light bar
2. Identify the bones numbered 1-4 in Figure 2.
Answer:
3. Identify the structure numbered 5 in figure 2.
Answer:
4. Explain what is meant by origin and insertion.
Answer:
Origin:
Insertion:
5. Identify and classify the muscles, which are used in
the action of curling a bar into the functional categories
of agonist, (or prime mover) and antagonist.
Answer:
Figure 2
A. Flexion of the elbow
B. Extension of the elbow
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
6. Identify the agonists and antagonists that are active in:
Table 1
Agonist
Antagonist
Elevating the shoulders
Hyper-extending the
back
Flexing the knee
7. Identify the muscles that are active in:
Table 2
Active Muscle
A pull up
A sit up
A vertical jump
8. List the main agonists active in; The legs whilst cycling.
Table 3
Agonist
Depressing the pedal
Hip extensors
Knee extensors
Ankle dorsiflexors
Antagonist
Hip flexors
Knee flexors
Ankle plantarflexors
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
9. A backward roll, as illustrated in
Figure 3, involves a series of
coordinated muscle actions.
Figure 3. Backward roll
a) Question: Describe the
movement patterns created at
the hip and knee joints during
the whole of the backward
roll.
Answer:
 Crouched starting position (position 2 in figure 3) - hip flexion, knee flexion.

The crouched position is maintained as a tight ball with knee and hip fully flexed
through positions 3,4 and 5 of figure.

Position 4 has slight extension of knee joint (presumably to maintain balance).

Position 5 has hip and knee in full extension.
b) Question: Identify two agonist muscles acting on the shoulder joint during the
push-off phase from the mat.
Answer:
 Deltoid
 Pectoralis major.
10. Figure 4, A and B shows a shot putter during the delivery phase of the technique.
a) List the bones that articulate in the shoulder
and knee joints.
Figure 4. Shot put action
Answer:
 Shoulder: scapula, humerus
 Knee : femur, tibia, patella
11. Explain the movement sequence of the right arm
during the delivery phase of the shot put.
Answer:
A. Shoulder extended and abducted, elbow flexed,
wrist extended, hand pronated.
B. Shoulder flexed and elevated, elbow extended, wrist pronated and extended, and
fingers extended.
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Topic 4.2: Joint and Movement Type
Investigation
o Hang from a bar, as shown in Figure 5A, holding a
90o angle in the elbow joint.
Figure 5. Chinning bar
o From the bent arm position, pull yourself up, as
shown in Figure 5B.
o When you have completed the chin-up, lower
yourself slowly down to an arms extended position,
as shown in Figure 5C.
Task
Work out the agonist muscles used for each exercise,
and the type of muscular contraction being used for
each exercise. Write your answers in table 4.
Table 4 results - The chin up
Agonist
Type of contraction
A. Biceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
B. Biceps brachii
Latissimus dorsi
C. Latissimus dorsi
Biceps brachii
1. In which part of the movement sequence is eccentric work being done?
Answer:
2. Identify the muscle that is exerting force whilst lengthening.
Answer: