Chemistry
Atomic Structure, Bonding, Periodic Table, Acid/Base
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What is Matter?
Matter = any material substance with
Mass & Volume
What is matter made of?
ATOMS – basic building blocks of matter
Anything that has mass is made of atoms.
Atoms are made up of
particles – electrons,
protons, and neutrons
What does an atom look like?
The center of the
atom is called the
nucleus. It is
made up of
protons and
neutrons.
Electrons orbit
the nucleus.
What are protons, neutrons, and
electrons?
PROTONS (+) – positively charged particles. They determine the
atomic number of the atom and are found in the nucleus.
NEUTRONS (0) – particles with
no charge (neutral). Found in the
nucleus of the atom.
ELECTRONS (-) – negatively
charged particles. They orbit the
nucleus of the atom. They are
attracted to the positive charge of
the nucleus.
Atoms DO NOT
have a charge. They
are neutral.
The number of
negative electrons
equals the number
of positive protons.
Atomic Mass Unit
A unit of mass used to
express the mass of
atoms and molecules. 1
atomic mass unit (amu)
equals the mass of a
proton or a neutron.
1 gram = 600 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 amu
Atomic Mass
Each element has a
unique atomic mass. It
is determined by
adding the number of
protons to the number
of neutrons.
Complete the following chart:
ELEMENT
SYMBOL
ATOMIC ATOMIC NUMBER
NUMBER
NUMBER
MASS
PROTONS NEUTRONS
NUMBER
ELECTRONS
OXYGEN
O
8
16
8
8
8
NITROGEN
N
7
14
7
7
7
HYDROGEN
H
1
1
1
0
1
CALCIUM
Ca
20
40
20
20
20
FLUORINE
F
9
19
9
10
9
CARBON
C
6
12
6
6
6
SODIUM
Na
11
23
11
12
11
MAGNESIUM
Mg
12
24
12
12
12
ARGON
Ar
18
40
18
22
18
SULFUR
S
16
32
16
16
16
How are electrons arranged in
an atom?
Electrons orbiting the nucleus fill in orbitals.
Orbitals, or shells, each hold a set number of
electrons.
Orbital or shell #1 can hold 2 electrons
Orbital or shell #2 can hold 8 electrons
Orbital or shell #3 can hold 18 electrons
Orbital or shell #4 can hold 32 electrons
etc. etc. etc.
Bohr models can show electron
arrangements
1. Tell the number of protons (P) and neutrons (N) in
the nucleus
2. Show the electron arrangement using dots on the
outer shells
Hydrogen
Beryllium
1H
1
9Be
4
Helium
Boron
4He
2
11B
5
Lithium
Carbon
7Li
3
12C
6
Sodium
23Na
11
Aluminum
Potassium
Argon
27Al
13
Sulfur
Calcium
32S
16
Bonding
CHEMICAL BONDING is caused by the either the sharing or
the donating of electrons between two separate atoms.
A BOND is an attraction between two atoms that allows for the
formation of molecules.
Why do atoms form bonds?
Electrostatic attraction – one atom is positively charged and
one atom is negatively charged. Atoms prefer to have full
shells. (8 electrons make a full outer shell)
How do atoms form bonds?
By either sharing or donating electrons
Electron Dot Diagram
This diagram
is used to
represent how
many
electrons are
available to
either share or
donate.
What are the two ways atoms can
bond?
Covalent Bond – forms when two atoms SHARE pairs of
electrons
Ionic Bond – forms when two atoms are electrostatically
attracted to each other. Basically, one atoms loses an electron
and the other gains an electron.
Ion – an atom with charge (positive or negative)
Positive Ion – an atom that has lost an electron
Negative Ion – an atom that has gained an electron
What is the Periodic Table of
Elements?
•a list of all known elements
•organized by increasing atomic number
•divided into two main groups – metals
and nonmetals
How is the Periodic Table
organized?
VERTICAL COLUMNS are called GROUPS or
FAMILIES. Elements in the group share similar
properties and behave the same way.
HORIZONTAL ROWS are called PERIODS.
They determine the number of shells an element
has.
What are Metals?
Metals are good conductors of heat and electricity. Most are
shiny, malleable, and ductile – meaning they can be bent or
shaped. Metals are found on the left hand side of the Periodic
Table.
ALKALI METALS are
extremely reactive and are
never found in nature in their
pure form. They are silver
colored and shiny. They are
soft enough to be cut with a
knife.
What are Non-Metals?
Poor conductors of heat and electricity, most non-metals exist as
a gas at room temperature. In solid form, they are usually dull
and brittle, unlike metals. They are found on the right side of the
Periodic Table, except for Hydrogen.
What are Metalloids?
These elements are found along
the zigzag line on the Periodic
Table. Metalloids have
properties of both Metals and
Nonmetals. Physically, they
can look like metals but are
brittle like nonmetals.
What are Noble Gases?
These elements have full outer shells and are not reactive. They
are colorless, odorless gases at room temperature.
They are found in Group 18,
the rightmost column of the
Periodic Table.
What are Transition Elements?
These metals have a wide range of properties. In general, they
are shiny and good conductors of heat and electricity. They are
found in Groups 3-12
What are Rare Earth Elements?
A set of seventeen chemical elements in the Periodic Table,
specifically the fifteen Lanthanides plus Scandium and
Yttrium. They are
located at the bottom
of the Periodic Table.
They are not actually
rare, and can be quite
common. They are not
found in ore deposits
like copper.
LANTHANIDE – Transition metals. They
are shiny and reactive.
ACTINIDE – Also transition metals. They
are radioactive and unstable. Elements 95
through 103 do not exist in nature but have
been manufactured in a lab.
What are Halogens?
All nonmetals. Very reactive.
Poor conductors of heat and
electricity. Tend to form salts with
metals. Found in Group 17.
Ex: NaCl – sodium chloride, also
known as “table salt”
Matter
comes in 3 phases
Solid
Gas
Liquid
Solid
Definite Shape
Definite Volume
Liquid
Indefinite Shape –
takes the shape of the
container
Definite Volume
Gas
Indefinite Shape –
takes the shape of
the container
Indefinite Volume –
can expand and be
compressed
Compounds
Compounds - 2 or more elements
chemically combined to form
a new substance with
new properties
Properties – The way a chemical
substance looks and behaves
Compounds
Compounds – are made of 2 or
more different atoms combined to
form Molecules
O
H+O
H2O =
H
H
Chemical formula lists the
number of different atoms
in a single molecule
Structural formula shows
the arrangement of the
atoms in a single molecule
Molecules
Glucose Sugar
H
C
C6H12O6
H
OH
Chemical formula
H
C
C
H
OH
C
H
OH
O
H
C
C
OH
Structural formula
H
OH