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Individual Project II (50 points): Please solve and submit your completed project by 225-2014 at 10:00 p.m.
1.
Explain the foundation of Shewhart’s notion of scientific approach and the basic
activities involved in developing means for satisfying the customers (in
approximately 100 words)
Dr. Shewart taught that it was very important to installing management
processes to create profitable situations the organization and the customer
as well. Dr. Shewart was such a strong believer in what he did that he went
on to create what we call quality tools that can help us manage different
types of management process in an industry setting. Another great tool
that has been the foundation of Quality Assurance for many years now is
the PDCA cycle (PDSA). This is a cycle that relies on continuous evaluation
of your management practices. He thought that these aspects were key in
have happy customers and therefore having a successful company.
http://www.skymark.com/resources/leaders/shewart.asp
2.
Explain the Juran Trilogy, in approximately 50 words:
The Juran Trilogy is a method that is used to help with Quality
Management. It consist of primarily of three steps quality planning which is
the phase where you are making processes to ensure you have happy
consumers, quality control which deals with the execution of the plans you
made in the previous section, and finally quality improvement
http://www.businessgyan.com/node/5409
3.
Briefly list and describe the purpose for basic tools for quality improvement
(Basic Process Improvement Toolbox).
There are seven tools that you can use for quality improvement; they are
called basic because a individual does not need to have training in
statistics to understand them. The seven basic tools are: cause and effect
diagram, check sheet, control chart, histogram, scatter diagram, pareto
chart, and a flow chart or run chart
4.
Explain the properties of random variables
Random variables first off have to be selected out of a population, it is
best if they are taking from different areas of the population to get a better
understanding in your sample size. There are two different types of random
variables, qualitative and quantitative.
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The data shown below are the times in minutes that successive customers had to
wait for service at an oil change facility. Using hand calculation and formula 1)
find sample mean and standard deviation, 2) construct a histogram, and 3) use
MINITAB to validate your findings and the histogram.
9.93
9.92
9.97
9.96
9.91
9.90
10.09
10.07
10.01
10.10
10.13
9.78
9.97
10.08
10.15
9.93
9.99
9.91
10.05
9.88
9.98
10.07
9.92
10.01
9.94
9.88
10.05
10.06
10.21
10.13
9.92
9.84
10.09
9.84
9.98
9.92
10.01
9.86
9.95
9.83
9.98
10.01
10.09
10.08
10.00
10.02
10.03
10.03
10.02
9.97
The minitab data shows a slight difference in my hand work, most likely because
of a miss calculation.
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If the probability that any individual will react positively to a drug is 0.8, what is
the probability that 4 individuals will react positively from a sample of 10
individuals?
Suppose the average number of customers arriving at ATM during the lunch hour
is 12 customers per hour. The probability of exactly two arrivals during the lunch
hour is:
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8.
In a sample of 100 items produced by a machine that produces 2% defective
items, what is the probability that 5 items are defective? (Calculate with binomial
distribution formula and verify your response using MINITAB).
Solve the question #8 using Poisson distribution formula and verify your
response using MINITAB.
9.
It is assumed that the inductance of particular inductors produced by ABC
Company is normally distributed. The  of inductors is = 20,000 mH, and  of
90 my. If acceptable inductance range is from 19,750 mH to 20,200 mH. Using
both formula and MINITAB, determine the expected number of rejected inductors
in a production run of 10,000 inductors.
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Z test nubers taken from: http://clas.sa.ucsb.edu/staff/binh/stdNormalTable.pdf
10.
Explain Null Hypothesis, Alternative Hypothesis, Types of error, Significance
Level, Risk Level in hypothesis testing
Null Hypothesis: The null hypothesis, H0, represents an educated guess or
theory that has been brought up, this guess is to be tested to see if it is
true.
Alternative Hypothesis: this type of hypothesis is used in opposition of the
null hypothesis.
Types of error: there are two types of errors a type 1 error is when the null
hypothesis is wrongly rejected. Meaning that it is true. A type 2 error
happens when the null hypothesis is not rejected and it is in fact false.
Significance level: this is the probability that a type 1 error will happen,
and we want to make this as small as possible. It usually a fixed value
already being set by the one testing the hypothesis.
Risk level:
11.
Formulate the appropriate null hypothesis and alternative hypothesis for testing
that the starting salary for graduates with a B.S. degree in electrical engineering
is greater than $38,000 per year. The significance, or risk, is: What does  =
0.05 mean?
H0=Starting salary is 38000 a year with a B.S. degree in Electrical
engineering
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H1=Starting salary is less than 38000 a year with a B.S. degree in the same
field.
The alpha symbol indicates the significance level has a 5% chance for a
type 1 error to occur
12.
In a New York Times/CBS poll, 56 percent of 2,000 randomly selected voters in
New York City said that they would vote for the incumbent in a certain twocandidate race. Calculate a 95 percent confidence interval for the population
proportion. Discuss its implication. Carefully discuss what is meant by the
population, how you would carry out the random sampling, and what other factors
could lead to differences between the responses to the surveys and the actual
votes on the day of the election.
I am not sure how to interpret the data when it comes to discussing the
population.
13.
A random sample of 50 teaching assistants at the University of Iowa in the fall of
1996 indicated that 30 of them were planning to join the union for teaching
assistants. Calculate a 95 percent confidence interval for the proportion of
University of Iowa teaching assistants who are in favor of joining a union.
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14.
Suppose that the number of wire-bonding defects per unit that occur in a
semiconductor device is Poisson distributed with parameter lambda (Mu or
variance) of 4. Then, the probability that a randomly selected semiconductor
device will contain 2 or fewer wire-bonding defects is:
?????
15.
List and explain Deming’s 7 deadly diseases.
Lack of constancy of purpose. Ensure that you have a vision and a
purpose overall to stay in business and contribute back to the community,
or philanthropy. Dont just be a company of numbers and fall victim to the
cubicles of doom.
Emphasis on short-term profits. Dont sacrifice in the short term always
have a long term plan and invest back into the company. Dont withhold
capital investment at the expense of the balance sheet or investors.
Evaluation by performance, merit rating, or annual review of performance.
Dont use the reward system studies show it can have an actual negative
impact on performance. People can pass their problems onto others or get
in a defensive posture to ensure that the problems didnt occur on their
watch. Also people will always strive to look better than their peers in
order to gain an artificial advantage. they can also manipulate the numbers
to make themselves more worthy to upper management when in fact they
did nothing.
Mobility of management. Strive to keep management in the same
positions in the long term for added stability. Constant change will always
shift the work objectives and philosophies so this constant change can
inhibit true positive change and growth.
Running a company on visible figures alone. Dont just use numbers
such as profit or performance charts to drive behavior. Be engaged in the
workforce and drive change through strong leadership from the ground up.
Work hard and always strive to help each other and be positive.
Excessive medical costs. Find ways to reduce health care costs as a
company due to the political and social climate of rising health care costs
year over year.
Excessive costs of warranty, fueled by lawyers who work for contingency
fees. This problem is more focused on American society, lawyers fighting
constant litigation to protect the companies and government.
16.
Explain who, when, and why six sigma was developed. What is the focus of six
sigma?
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Six sigma was developed by Motorola in 1986. Six Sigma seeks to improve
the quality of process outputs by identifying and removing the causes of
defects in an industry setting.
17.
Explain the DMAIC process and its relevance to quality.
The DMAIC process stands for define, measure, analyze, improve, control,
and is an improvement system for existing processes falling below
specification that has been set by six sigma and wants to improve their
already failing process. The DMAIC method is a sub-method that six sigma
uses to ensure quality in organizations that have noticed they have fallen
below the specifications.
18.
What is HISTOGRAM and why it is being used?
A histogram is a way of summarizing data in a graphical representation. A
histogram only needs to use data that has a numerical value to it. You
would usually use a histogram when you have a very large sample size. A
stem and leaf plot is very similar to a histogram, it is used when you have a
smaller number in your sample.
http://www.google.com/url?sa=i&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&docid=am6aaPA
Nqdao3M&tbnid=LROyDFVvjvBcM:&ved=0CAcQjB0&url=http%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FH
istogram&ei=RZ0OU5fkD4u_sQTz5ICgAQ&psig=AFQjCNEB3Y_wkYIiwtZ7RB99I
72pV_0sWg&ust=1393553093334351
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Define Probability Distribution. What is the difference between discrete and
continuous distributions? Provide Examples.
Probability distribution is a list of all possible probabilities that can happen
with a random variable. Continuous distributions are ones that have an
infinite number of possibilities such as height or weight. Discrete
distribution is something that can take the form of only one countable
number such as 1, 2, 3, 4, and so on.
Define Bernoulli trials and Poisson distributions and explain their uses in Quality.
Give example.
A Bernoulli trial is when the outcome of each test that is run is either a success
or a failure. It is used to sample something with a large population. The Poisson
distribution is a count of the number of events that occur in a certain time
interval.