American History II - Unit 2
Ms. Brown

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For what reasons did education reformers push for expanded public education?
Preparation for civic life, training for work, immigrant assimilation, symbolic of democracy
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How are legal and institutional discrimination different? Give an example of each.
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Legal – discriminatory laws enforced by gov’t (ex: segregation laws)
Institutional
– prejudices and discriminatory actions engrained deeply in a society’s culture and traditions (ex: lynching for social transgressions)
What was Booker T. Washington’s strategy for black advancement?
• Blacks should make themselves economically valuable  eventually lead to change
What was W.E.B. Du Bois’ strategy for black advancement?
• The brightest blacks should obtain a liberal arts education (Talented Tenth) and be the leaders/face of the social movement to end discrimination
• On what racial injustice did Ida B. Wells focus her activism?
• Ending lynching and bringing lynchers to justice

• Journalists who exposed and raised awareness of social injustices, economic wrongdoings, and political corruption
Muckraker Books
Ida Tarbell The History of the Standard
Oil Company
(1904)
Lincoln
Steffens
The Shame of
Cities (1904)
Subject
Rockefeller’s illegal, monopolistic, destructive business practices
Political machine’s and business’ corrupt influence on politics
Voter fraud
Upton
Sinclair
The Jungle
(1906)
Unfair treatment of immigrant laborers
Unsanitary and foul meatpacking practices in Chicago

• Increased social, economic, and political injustices + awareness (muckrakers)  desire for change and reform
• Progressive Movement – social, economic, and political movement of the early 20 th century to restore economic opportunities and correct injustices in American life
• Protect social welfare
• Promoting moral improvement
• Creating economic reform
• Fostering efficiency

• Late 1800s: The Social
Gospel Movement, settlement houses, Jane Addams  provide social services to ease harsh living/working conditions
• YMCA’s expand
• Libraries, classes, swimming pools, handball courts
• Salvation Army
• Soup kitchens, nurseries
• Florence Kelly
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• Advocate for women and children
Influenced passage of Illinois Factory
Act in 1893 – banned child labor and limited women’s working hours.

• Reformers wanted immigrants and poor city dwellers to improve their lives by improving their moral standards
• Prohibition – banning of alcoholic beverages
• Women’s Christian Temperance
Movement (1874)
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• Go into saloons and bars to sing and pray and urge the saloonkeepers to stop providing alcohol  Immigrants not having it
Carry Nation – go into saloons and smash bottles/bar with hatchet, yell at customers

• Panic of 1893 + growing wealth gap + monopolies…
• Socialism gaining popularity with workers (gov’t control, equal distribution of wealth)
• Eugene Debs – American Socialist
Party (1901)
• Most progressives distanced themselves from socialism but recognized their arguments

• Some reformers believed scientific study of the workplace could improve worker conditions
• Scientific management a management theory using efficiency experts to examine each work operation and find ways to minimize the time needed to complete it
• Assembly line - each worker does one specialized task in the construction of the final product
• Henry Ford – Model T
• 8 hr work day, $5/day to prevent strikes which would destroy efficiency

• Why hire children?
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Unskilled labor
Lower wages – would work to help family
• Smaller bodies and hands for small tools/parts
• Problems with child labor
• Decreased education
• Increased accidents due to fatigue
• Health issues and stunted growth

• National Child Labor Committee
(1904)
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• compiled and presented evidence of child labor at exhibitions to raise awareness
Supported by labor unions
– child labor lowered pay for all workers
• Helped pass state legislation limiting child labor and working hours
• Muller v. Oregon (1908) and
Bunting v. Oregon (1917) – 10 hr workday for men and women.
• States passed laws requiring compensation to injured workers and families of killed workers

• Natural disasters in TX and OH led to city councils and city council-managers to help rebuild
• Mayors – rooted out corruption, helped unemployed, regulated taxes, lowered transportation costs.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Searching_f or_bodies,_Galveston_1900.ogg

• Robert La Follette – progressive Republican in
Wisconsin
• “Fighting Bob”
• 3 term governor
• Eliminate relationships between gov’t ad businesses
• Targeted railroad industry
(regulated rates, taxed railroad property)
• Charles B. Aycock
• 1 st Progressive NC Governor – targeted big business and education reforms

• Reforms in local/state governments eliminated political machine activity  expanded citizen participation.
• Initiative – bill created by the people, not lawmakers, and placed on a ballot
• Referendum
– a vote on the initiative
• Recall
– voters can remove elected officials from office by forcing them to face another election before the end of their term
• Primary system – voters, not political machines, decided the candidates that run for public office
• 17 th Amendment – direct election of senators by the people, not state legislatures.

Industry
1/5 women held a job, 50% in garment industry
Paid half of male wage
Stores, offices, schoolteachers
Typists, stenographers
Domestic Workers
Servant work, helped families
Farms
Cooking, cleaning, clothes, raising livestock, plow, harvest
Servants = 70% of all women in 1870
Blacks, immigrants - maids, cooks, etc

• No suffrage, couldn’t directly influence political reform  “social housekeeping” in workplace, housing, education, temperance
• Rise of women’s clubs – discuss literature, art, reform
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Higher education – women’s only colleges
• Vassar College, Smith College, Wellesley
College
Meredith College in Raleigh - 1891
Marriage no longer only option
• National Association of Colored Women
(NACW, 1896)
• Mission: “the moral education of the race with which are identified.” – nurseries, reading rooms, kindergartens

• Susan B. Anthony – women’s suffragist (but not black suffrage)
• National American Woman Suffrage
Association (NAWSA)
• Resistance to women’s suffrage
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• Liquor industry – women would vote to outlaw alcohol
Textile industry – women would vote to ban child labor
• Some feared the swift increase of social groups, including women, blacks, immigrants, etc  fear of change

Test 14 th
Amendment with litigation
State legislation granting suffrage
3-Pronged
Strategy for
Women’s
Suffrage
Constitutional
Amendment granting suffrage