Aim: How were empires successfully built in the period of 1450-1750?
State Building
1450-1750
The Ottomans Gain Strength
• Gunpowder made the
Ottomans powerful
• Janissaries (elite
fighting force made
up of enslaved
Christian boys)
• Janissaries selected
by a process called
devshirme
Learn more about the selection process of the Janissaries!
Jannisary
http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/islam/1493janissaries.html
http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/300350/Janissary-corps
The Ottoman Empire Expands
• Ottomans started out as semi-nomadic
Turks
• 1453 captured Constantinople, ended the
Byzantine Empire (woohoo, lower taxes!)
• Added Syria, Egypt, North Africa to their
empire
• Ottomans were a threat to the Hapsburg
dynasty (Austria) until 1683
Ottoman Empire at the end of the
17th Century
• Constantinople
renamed Istanbul
• Sophisticated cityaqueducts,
marketplace, religious
schools, hospitals
• Merchants and
artisans
• Government carefully
monitored trade
• Haghia Sophia turned
into a mosque
Haghia Sophia
Religious, but Tolerant
• The Ottoman Sultan was a political and
religious ruler (incorporated the idea of
“caliph”)
• Europeans were afraid of the Ottomans,
but admired them as well
• “He tramples the soil of Hungary with
200,000 horses, he is at the very gates of
Austria, threatens the rest of Germany…”
» -1555 Excerpts from Ogier Ghiselin de Busbecq:
Ambassador of the Hapsburg Empire
Q: Who do you think Busbecq is describing here?
http://www.arts.ualberta.ca
th
(16
Jean Bodin
cen. French
philosopher)
• “The King of the Turks who rules over a
great part of Europe safeguards the rites
of religion as well as any prince in this
world. Yet he constrains no one, but on
the contrary permits everyone to live as
his conscience dictates.”
• Q: Which aspect of Ottoman rule does
Bodin admire?
Ways of the World p.649
Jews in the Ottoman Empire
• http://jewishhistory.research.wesleyan.edu
/i-jewish-population/1-sephardic-diasporaregional-trends/d-ottoman-empire/
Women in the Ottoman Empire
• Patriarchal society
• Depending on the economic
situation, women did domestic
work or supervised their
servants
• Women were restricted from
leaving the home but could
legally attend weddings,
cemeteries, and public baths
• Marriages were arranged
• Few women were literate
• Women could earn a living,
own industries, and practice
medicine
http://www.library.cornell.edu/colldev/mideast/selj.htm
https://www.reconstructinghistory.com/rh406-ottoman-turkish-woman.php?s=&c=22&d=34&p=433&w=21
The Harem
• Private domain for the sultan
• Concubines and relatives of sultan lived
there
• Women close to the sultan were powerful
• Slave origin, non-Muslim
• Trained in sewing, music, reading, Koran
http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/ottoman/roxelana.html
Read about a powerful woman in the Ottoman harem!
The Mughal Empire
http://sun.menloschool.org/~sportman/westernstudies/first/1718/2000/eblock/mughal/image18.gif
The Mughals (1526-1700s)
• Founded by Babur in
1526
• First Islamic ruler to
use muskets and
artillery
• Grandson- Akbar the
Great
http://www.wsu.edu/~dee/MUGHAL/BABUR.HTM
http://lighthousepatriotjournal.files.wordpress.com/2009/08/13386500_1_babur.jpg
Akbar the Great
• Akbar abolished the jizya
• Encouraged
intermarriage between
Hindus and Muslims
• Established Din-i-llahi
(“The religion of God”)as
a universal religion- had
elements of
Zoroastrianism (i.e.
divine kingship), and
Jainism (respect for all
living things)
Akbar the Great
http://images.exoticindiaart.com/mughal/a_portrait_of_king_akbar_the_falconer_mf93.jpg
The Red Fort
• Built in Agra in1565
by Akbar the Great
• It is one of the most
obvious symbols of
the Mogul grandeur
under Akbar, Jahangir
and Shah Jahan.
http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/251
Allposters.com
Other Mughal Rulers: Shah Jahan
and Aurangzeb
• Shah Jahan- patron of the arts
• Blend of Islamic domes,
arches, minarets, with Hindu
decorations
• Built Taj Mahal (tomb for his
deceased second wife,
Mumtaz Mahal)
• Shah Jahan’s son, Aurangzeb,
imprisoned him in Agra Fort for
8 years(where he died)
• Aurangzeb tried to rid India of
Hindu influences and he
brought back the jizya
http://www.islamicart.com/library/empires/india/shahjahan.html
http://www.memo.fr/Media/Taj_Mahal.jpg
The Islamic Gunpowder Empires
jbapwoh.wikispaces.com
The Songhay Empire
http://static.howstuffworks.com/gif/willow/songhai-empire0.gif
The Songhay Empire (1464-1591)
• Sunni Ali consolidated empire, expanded former
Mali empire (conquered Timbuktu and Jenne)
• Promoted Islam
• Timbuktu- city of learning (mosques, schools,
Islamic university)
• Jenne- major trading city
• Organized army, navy
• Trans-Saharan trade brought salt, textiles, and
metal in exchange for gold and slaves)
• Largest empire in African history
• Defeated by Moroccans in 1591
Wsu.edu
Kaplan
Jenne: Center of Trade
• “The town of Jenne (Djenne) was founded near Jennejeno between 800 and 1250 A.D. and grew to become
an even more significant trans-Saharan trading center
than its neighbor. By the fourteenth century, gold, kola,
and slaves from the southern savanna, salt and
manuscripts from the Sahara, and the staple foods of the
Inland Niger Delta were bartered here in an extensive
web of trade reaching as far as northern Africa and
Europe. By the sixteenth century, Jenne had become
one of the foremost market centers on the African
continent.”
Source: Inland Niger Delta | Thematic Essay | Heilbrunn
Timeline of Art History | The Metropolitan Museum of Art
Architecture in Timbuktu
Q: Where do you see evidence of cultural diffusion?
Newsrescue.com
The Kongo Kingdom (1300s1600s)
Kongo
• 14th century- Kongo was a centralized state
along the west coast of central Africa
• 1482- Portuguese arrive and establish relations
with the king
• King Affonso I converted to Catholicism and tried
to convert all of his subjects
• Portuguese brought textiles and weapons
• Africans supplied Portuguese with gold, silver,
ivory, and slaves (dealt with local leaders)
• King felt undermined, and was defeated in a war
by the Portuguese in 1665
Learn more about the Christian
Influences in the Kongo!
• http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/acko/hd_ac
ko.htm
Latin America Before Independence
http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ralph/resource/latiname.htm
The Spanish Empire
• 1492- voyages of Columbus
• Papal lines of demarcation made Spain in charge of the
New World
• Conquistadors (i.e.Cortes, Pizarro) expanded Spanish
Empire
• 1535- viceroyalty system started in New Spain
• Spread Catholicism
• Extracted gold and a lot of silver
• Instituted a system of forced labor, the encomienda
system. Clergy protested.
• When the encomienda system was abolished in 1542,
African slaves were imported
Portugal
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Brazil- major territory for the Portuguese
Discovered by accident by Pedro Cabral
Portuguese had superior technology and diseases
Exploited natives for labor
Mass conversions to Catholicism
Plantations produced sugarcane
African slaves imported to work on plantations
Brazil was the last country in the Americas to
outlaw slavery (1888)
Maritime Empires
spivey.wikispaces.com
Land Empires
https://qed.princeton.edu/index.php/User:Student/Eurasian_Land_Empires_c._1700
Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)
• A.k.a The Manchus- nomads from the north of China
• Manchus had the highest positions in government but
kept the civil service exams
• Maintained China’s patriarchal society and footbinding
• Han Chinese men had to wear a queue braid
• Manchus could not perform manual labor
• Intermarriage between Chinese and Manchus forbidden
• Chinese could not enter the Manchu homeland
• Technological innovation slowed
Learn more about the queue!
A Chinese man with a traditional Chinese
queue hair design getting a pedicure
http://history.cultural-china.com/en/34History5603.html
The Tokugawa Shogunate
(A.K.A. the Edo Period)
Excerpts from the Closed Country Edict of 1635
•
Japanese ships are strictly forbidden to leave for foreign countries.
•
No Japanese is permitted to go abroad. If there is anyone who attempts to
do so secretly, he must be executed. The ship so involved must be
impounded and its owner arrested, and the matter must be reported to the
higher authority.
•
If any Japanese returns from overseas after residing there, he must be put
to death.
•
If there is any place where the teachings of the [Catholic] priests is
practiced, the two of you must order a thorough investigation.
•
All incoming ships must be carefully searched for the followers of the
priests.
1640- Every member of a Portuguese delegation was executed upon arrival to Japan
Some cultural achievements during
the Tokugawa Era
•
•
•
•
Haiku poetry (17 syllable poem)
Kabuki theater (musical drama)
Woodblock art
Bunraku (plays using puppets- 3
puppeteer operation)
http://www.ric.edu/faculty/gpamental/japan/bunraku.html
Kabuki Theater
Woodblock image of Kabuki Theater
http://www.indiana.edu/~ealc100/JArt1.html
The Japanese Feudal System
Code of Bushido!
Q: Where do you see evidence of cultural diffusion in this social pyramid?
The Code of Bushido
•
•
•
•
The Tale of the 47 Ronin demonstrates the Code of Bushido. There is a
lesson that people need to live their lives honorably.
The story is about a group of samurai who were left masterless in 1701 by
the execution of their master, for assaulting a court official whom he felt had
insulted him. After over a year of patient waiting and plotting, they
succeeded in avenging him by killing the court official. Although they had
committed murder, they had done so for that most noble of reasons (to the
Japanese) - in obedience to their duty. As a result, they were allowed an
honorable death (seppuku).
The story was turned into a series of Kabuki plays
Q: What central lesson do you think the Tale of 47 Ronin is trying to
http://mercury.lcs.mit.edu/~jnc//prints/47ronin.html
convey?
Women during the Tokugawa Period
• Wives had to obey their
husbands or face a death
penalty
• Women received less
education than men
• Women were encouraged
to pursue artistic and
cultural activities
• Sometimes girls were
sold into prostitution by
their families (they were
less valued than boys)
• Some gained status as
geishas who were
especially talented
musicians, artists, and
conversationalists
http://www.japan-guide.com/e/e2102.html
The Western Influence on Japan
• Western ideas penetrated Japan via the Dutch
despite the Tokugawa policy of isolationism.
• Except for books on Christianity, a ban on
western books was removed in 1720.
• In 1736 the importation and translation of Dutch
literature on astronomy were ordered by the
shogun Yoshimune Tokugawa.
• There were translations of western books on
physics, chemistry, mathematics, geography,
navigation and military tactics.
Monarchies in France and England
•
•
•
•
•
France
Estates General
Divine Right
Strong military, wars
for expansion
High taxes
Organized
bureaucracy
•
•
•
•
England
Parliamentary
monarchy
Glorious Revolution
1689 limited power of
monarch
High taxes
Organized
bureaucracy
Louis XIV
(r. 1661-1715)
• The Sun King
• Built Versailles
• Revocation of Nantes
1683
• Mercantilism (under
finance minister Jean
Baptiste Colbert)
Q: Why was Louis XIV known as the “Sun King?”
The Royal Palace
Versailles, France
It’s not as glamorous as it
seems…
Versailles reservations…
Yes, I have a room available.
Well, we have 226 rooms
Altogether. Of course, we do
Have 1000 nobles and their
4000 servants occupying them…
Not all rooms have windows, Sir.
We do have some rooms with
Windows, but the smell of the
Outdoor latrines seep through them…
Decisions, Decisions…
Sir, if you prefer we
Do have the
Closet-like rooms
Without windows…
Would you like to
Come in the winter so
You can freeze? Or do
You prefer to stay here
In the summer so you
Can broil?
Perspectives on the Past
The Rise of the Russian Empire
• Ivan III (aka Ivan the
Great) stopped paying
tribute to the Mongol
Empire in 1480
• Established a strong
central government ruled
by a czar who ruled by
divine right
• After the reign of Ivan the
Terrible, the Romanov
dynasty ruled Russia for
300 years
http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/history/russia/ivanthegreat.html
The Expansion of the Russian
Empire
Peter I (Peter the Great)
• Reign: 1682-1721
• Strict autocrat and firm believer in military
power
• Began the “westernization” movement in
Russia
• Beard Tax
• Developed “Secret Police” who prevented
dissent and supervise bureaucracy
• Gained territory on eastern coast of Baltic Sea
• Created first Russian navy
• Moved capital from Moscow to St. Petersburg
• Agriculture was the focus of the economy;
serfdom encouraged
Catherine The Great
• Reign : 1762- 1796
• Westernization policies (art,
architecture, justice)
• Reduced severe punishments for
crimes
• Advanced Russia’s borders to Black
Sea & waged 2 successful wars
against Ottoman Empire
• Founded Russia’s first college of
medicine
• Brought ideas of the Enlightenment to
Russia
• Strictly enforced serfdom
Social System of the Russian
Empire
CZARS
Assumed throne
By bloodline line
NOBLES
Provincial governors
SERFS
Peasants; labor sources to support economy
Now for the Comparative
Essay…
• 2007 AP World Exam
http://apcentral.collegeboard.com/apc/me
mbers/exam/exam_information/216943.ht
ml