WORTH:
The Enlightenment and Eighteenth
Century Thought
The
Philosophes
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200
300
400
500
Enlightenment
Thought
100
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400
500
Enlightened
Despots
100
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300
400
500
Enlightened
Religion
100
200
300
400
500
Terms/ Ideas
100
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400
500
WORTH:
MAIN
Who was Francois Marie Arouet or
Voltaire.
He was the most famous of the
18th Century Philosophes, who
wrote Candide, a satire on
French society, and Letters on
the English, which praised the
English government.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500
SUBJECT:Philosophes
MAIN
Who was Immanuel Kant?
He was the German Philosophe
who wrote, A Critique on Pure
Reason, and divided truth into
a priori, or that which is known
and empirical truth, which can
be experienced by the senses.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500
SUBJECT:Philosophes
What was The Spectator?
MAIN
This was the publication printed
by Joseph Addison and Richard
Steele, which promoted the
reading of books, and the value
of polite discussion.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500
SUBJECT:Philosophes
Who were Denis Diderot and Jean
Le Rond d’Alembert?
MAIN
These were the two French Philosophes
who edited the Encyclopedia, a collection
of essays and illustrations that eventually
numbered seventeen volumes of text and
eleven of illustrations.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500
SUBJECT:Philosophes
Who was Jean –Jacques Rousseau?
MAIN
He was the French Philosophe who
asked the question of what really
constitutes the good life? He also
said that civilization and the
Enlightenment had corrupted
human nature, as well as that
society was more important than
the individual.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500
SUBJECT:Philosophes
Who were Isaac Newton and John
Locke?
MAIN
These are the two Englishmen that
influenced the philosophes of the
Enlightenment and championed
empirical thought and research.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500
SUBJECT: Enlightenment Thought
What were the Salons? One of these Salons
was maintained by Madame Helvetius, wife
of the scientist Helvetius. Ben Franklin
MAIN
reportedly proposed to her, when she refused, out of
devotion to her late husband, Franklin claimed he
had visited Heaven in a dream and found Helvetius
married there to Franklin's own deceased love,
Deborah."Come, let us revenge ourselves," sly dog.
These were the meeting places for
the Philosophes, and the
educated middle class, to meet
and discuss the ideas of the day
in the 18th Century.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500
SUBJECT:Enlightenment Thought
MAIN
What was Montesquieu’s, Spirit of
the Laws? ( he spent 20 years
researching and writing this
masterpiece)
This was the important work that
praised the English form of
government and devised the
separation of powers and the system
of checks and balances which
influenced the U.S. Constitution.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500
SUBJECT:Enlightenment Thought
What were Newspapers and Print
MAIN
Culture?
This was the new medium that
allowed the ideas of the
Enlightenment to spread to
the educated middle class and
aristocracy.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500
SUBJECT:Enlightenment Thought
MAIN
Who were the Physiocrats? ( Free
Enterprise and Laissez faire)
These were the economic reformers of
the Enlightenment with Francois
Quesnay and Pierre Dupont leading
the way, with Adam Smith
championing the cause in the English
speaking world.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500
SUBJECT:Enlightenment Thought
MAIN
Who were Joseph II of Austria,
Frederick II, (the Great) of Prussia and
Catherine II ( the Great) of Russia?
These are the three monarchs of the
18th century most closely associated
with the Enlightenment and
considered by some of the
Philosophes to be Enlightened
Despots.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500 SUBJECT:Enlightened Despots
Who was Frederick II of Prussia?
( most of the reforms were used to
justify Frederick’s expansionist policies)
MAIN
He was the monarch who after
over a decade of continuous
fighting sought to promote
Enlightenment ideas in
agriculture, a mortgage credit
system, religious tolerance, and a
codification of laws.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500 SUBJECT:Enlightened Despots
MAIN
Who was Joseph II of Austria?
He was the monarch who was nicknamed
the “ Peasant Emperor” and slept on a
straw pallet and ate mostly beef, which
may explain his humorless personality. He
did attempt to end serfdom in his
domains, limit the power of the Catholic
Church, improved agriculture and
transportation and attempted to tax the
nobility.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500 SUBJECT:Enlightened Despots
Who was Catherine II ( the Great of
Russia)? Her husband Peter III was
probably murdered with at least her
knowledge and at worst case her
MAIN
assistance.
This was the monarch, who lived
in fear for 20 years at the court
of Elizabeth I, and after a brief
interlude becomes the
“Enlightened Monarch” who rules
from 1762 until 1796.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500 SUBJECT:Enlightened Despots
What was Poland? (Partition of
MAIN
1772, 1793, and 1795)?
This is the country that completely
disappears, divided by the three
Enlightened Despots, who
supposedly embraced the
philosophes disgust with
warfare, but actually embrace
huge tracts of territory of this
country that does not re-emerge
until after World I.
WORTH:
SUBJECT:Enlightened Despots
500
400
300
200
MAIN
What was Deism? (a belief that most
holy scriptures are human generated
and thus subject to interpretation)
This was the religion of the
Enlightenment, including those
enlightened thinkers like
Jefferson, Franklin, and Madison,
who were religiously tolerant and
dedicated to science and reason.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500 SUBJECT:Enlightened Religion
MAIN
What was Islam?
This was the religion that was often
criticized by Enlightened
Philosophes and was looked on
by Voltaire, a voice of religious
toleration, as a religion of
fanaticism.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500 SUBJECT:Enlightened Religion
Who was Edward Gibbon in his,
History of the Decline and Fall of
the Roman Empire?
MAIN
This was the influential
historian and writer who
along with other causes,
blamed Christianity for the
fall of the Roman Empire.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500 SUBJECT:Enlightened Religion
What was, The Turkish Embassy
Letters, written by Lady Mary
MAIN
Montagu?
This was a literary work written by an
English woman who had access to
women’s quarters in the Ottoman
Empire and wrote that Turkish
women were relatively free and well
treated by their husbands.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500 SUBJECT:Enlightened Religion
MAIN
What was Nathan the Wise, written by
Gotthold Lessing?
This was the play written in 1779,
by a German playwright and
critic which called for religious
toleration for all religions, not
just Christianity.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500 SUBJECT:Enlightened Religion
Who was Voltaire?
MAIN
He was the famous philosophe
who stated, “Crush the infamous
thing”, referring to the Catholic
Church and “ I may not agree
with what you say, but I will
defend to the death your right to
say it”, defending free speech.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500
SUBJECT:Enlightenment Terms/Ideas
MAIN
Who was Baruch Spinoza?
This was the Jewish writer who
was criticized by both his Jewish
peers and Christians alike for
looking at religion and nature
with a scientific approach, and in
his work Ethics states that they
are closely entwined and that
man is just another part of the
natural world.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500
SUBJECT:Enlightenment Terms/Ideas
MAIN
Who was Cesare Beccaria?
He was the Italian Philosphe
who proposed a reform in the
prison system prevalent in
Europe during the 18th
century in his work, “On
Crimes and Punishment”.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500
SUBJECT:Enlightenment Terms/Ideas
Who was Jean Jacques Rousseau?
( he may have been afraid of child
support, since he deserted his wife
MAIN
and children)
This was the Philosophe who in his
novel Emile set forth a rather
traditional and conservative
approach to the role of women and
stated that they operated in different
spheres then men, and should be
educated to be subordinate to men.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500
SUBJECT:Enlightenment Terms/Ideas
MAIN
Who was Mary Wollstonecraft?
( mother of Mary Wollstonecraft Shelly
author of Frankenstein )
She was the woman writer and
Philosophe who advocated an
equal education for women
which would allow them to
envision all the possibilities that
were open to men.
WORTH:
200 300 400 500
SUBJECT:Enlightenment Terms/Ideas