Mk. Pengelolaan SDALH
TANAH, PERTANIAN
&
PANGAN MASA DEPAN
diabstraksikan: smno.psdl.pdkl.ppsub.2012/13
IRRIGATION
The artificial provision of water to support agriculture
70% of all freshwater used by humans is used for irrigation.
Irrigation has boosted productivity in many places
… but too much can cause problems.
Fungsi Irigasi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
memasok kebutuhan air tanaman
menjamin ketersediaan air apabila terjadi betatan
menurunkan suhu tanah
mengurangi kerusakan akibat frost
melunakkan lapis keras pada saat pengolahan tanah
Diunduh dari: http://rezaslash.blogspot.com/2012/03/irigasi-pengenalan.html …… 21/12/2012
SAWAH IRIGASI
Bojonegoro tetapkan sawah irigasi jadi sawah
abadi
Pemerintah Kabupaten Bojonegoro, Jawa Timur, menetapkan
sawah irigasi teknis yang memperoleh air irigasi kontinyu
sebagai sawah abadi yang dilarang dimanfaatkan sebagai
kawasan industri dan permukiman.
Kepala Dinas Pertanian Bojonegoro Subekti, Rabu mengatakan,
pihaknya sudah menentukan sawah abadi yang menjadi sentra
penghasil tanaman pangan, berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah
(PP) No. 1 Tahun 2011 tentang Penetapan dan Alih Fungsi Lahan
Pertanian Berkelanjutan.
Diunduh dari: http://pertanianbojonegoro.net/bojonegoro-tetapkan-sawah-irigasi-jadi-sawahabadi/69/ …… 21/12/2012
IMPROVED IRRIGATION
In conventional
irrigation, only
40% of the water
reaches plants.
Efficient drip
irrigation
targeted to plants
conserves water,
saves money, and
reduces problems
like salinization.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Solutions
Soil Salinization
Prevention
Reduce irrigation
Cleanup
Flushing soil
(expensive and
wastes water)
Not growing crops
for 2-5 years
Switch to salttolerant crops
(such as barley,
cotton, sugar beet)
Installing underground drainage
systems (expensive)
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
PUPUK &
PEMUPUKAN
Supply nutrients to crops
Inorganic fertilizers = mined or synthetically manufactured mineral
supplements
Organic fertilizers = animal manure, crop residues, compost, etc.
Pemberian pupuk berimbang dalam kajian ini bukan berarti memberikan pupuk
N, P dan K dalam jumlah seimbang untuk tanaman padi. Yang dimaksud
pemupukan berimbang dalam kajian ini adalah pemberian pupuk N, P dan K
disesuaikan dengan target hasil gabah yang ingin dicapai, sumbangan hara N, P
dan K berasal dari tanah serta kekurangan hara untuk mencapai target hasil
tersebut dengan penambahan pupuk anorganik dalam bentuk pupuk urea, SP-36
dan KCl. Berdasar teori dikatakan bahwa hasil gabah ditentukan oleh faktor
tanah, tanaman dan lingkungan.
Diunduh dari: http://paretmesjed.blogspot.com/2011/04/pemberian-pupuk-berimbang.html ……
21/12/2012
GLOBAL
FERTILIZER USAGES
Fertilizer use has risen dramatically in the past 50
years.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Trade-Offs
Inorganic Commercial Fertilizers
Advantages
Disadvantages
Easy to transport
Do not add humus to soil
Easy to store
Reduce organic matter
in soil
Easy to apply
Reduce ability of soil to
hold water
Inexpensive to produce
Lower oxygen content of
soil
Help feed one of every
three people in the
world
Require large amounts of
energy to produce,
transport, and apply
Release the greenhouse
gas nitrous oxide (N2O)
Without commercial
inorganic fertilizers,
world food output could
drop by 40%
Runoff can overfertilize
nearby lakes and kill fish
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Overgrazing
When livestock eat too much plant cover on
rangelands, impeding plant regrowth
The contrast between ungrazed and
overgrazed land on either side of a fenceline
can be striking.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
OVERGRAZING
Overgrazing can set in motion a series of positive
feedback loops.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
PRODUKSI
PANGAN DUNIA
World agricultural production has risen faster than human
population.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
KETAHANAN PANGAN
DUNIA
However, the world still has 800 million hungry people, largely
due to inadequate distribution.
And considering soil degradation, can we count on food
production continuing to rise?
Global food security is a goal of scientists and policymakers
worldwide.
Pada 2012, produksi padi jatim diperkirakan 11,69 juta ton
Kepala Badaan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Jatim Irlan Indrocahyo SE MSi di
kantornya Jl Kendangsari Industri, Surabaya,Selasa (3/7) mengatakan,
kenaikan produksi padi terjadi karena naiknya luas panen padi seluas
32,81 ribu hektare atau 1,70 persen dan produktivitasnya juga
mengalami kenaikan 4,78 kuintal/hektare atau 8,71 persen.
Diunduh dari: http://kominfo.jatimprov.go.id/watch/31604 …… 21/12/2012
GIZI = NUTRITION
Undernourishment = too few calories (especially developing
world)
Overnutrition = too many calories (especially developed
world)
Malnutrition = lack of nutritional requirements
(causes numerous diseases, esp. in developing world)
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
REVOLUSI HIJAU
An intensification of industrialization of agriculture, which has
produced large yield increases since 1950
Increased yield per unit of land farmed
Begun in U.S. and other developed nations; exported to
developing nations like India and those in Africa
are more productive for plant life.
Tingginya produksi padi Indramayu ini disebabkan oleh
luasnya lahan sawah yang ada. Dari luas wilayah Indramayu
yang mencapai 204 ribu ha, 114 ribu ha (55%) di antaranya
adalah lahan sawah. Dengan luas sebesar itu, Indramayu
menempati urutan pertama di Jawa Barat.
Diunduh dari: http://casdiraku.wordpress.com/2009/03/15/potret-pertanian-indramayu-paradokslumbung-padi-jawa-barat/ …… 21/12/2012
SISTEM MONOKULTUR
Intensified agriculture meant monocultures, vast
spreads of a single crop.
This is economically efficient, but increases risk of
catastrophic failure (“all eggs in one basket”).
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
The Costs of Modern Agriculture
The process of agricultural modernisation has had an important
influence on farm productivity and improved living standards for
many farmers. However, farmers need access to: modern seeds,
water, labour, capital or credit, fertilisers and pesticides.
Many poorer farming households simply cannot adopt the whole
package. If one element is missing, the seed delivery system fails
or the fertiliser arrives late, or there is insufficient irrigation
water, then yields may not be much better that those for
traditional varieties.
Even if farmers want to use external resources, very often
delivery systems are unable to supply them on time.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/mods/theme_c/popups/mod15t01s02.html…… 23/12/2012
DIVERSITAS
TANAMAN
Monocultures also have reduced crop diversity.
90% of all human food now comes from only 15 crop species
and 8 livestock species.
Pengaturan Jarak Tanam Ubikayu dan Kacang Tanah untuk
Meningkatkan Indeks Pertanaman di Lahan Kering Masam
Penelitian di Banjarnegara dilakukan dengan menanam ubikayu dengan jarak
tanam baris ganda (60 cm x 70 cm) x 2 m dan (60 cm x 70 cm) x 2,6 m. Kacang
tanah ditanam diantara baris ganda ubikayu. Pada saat tanam kacang tanah MH
II, ubikayu sudah berumur tiga bulan. Pada sistem tanam baris ganda (60 cm x 70
cm) x 2 m dan (60 cm x 70 cm) x 2,6 m populasi ubikayu masing-masing sekitar
105% dan 86% dibandingkan cara petani (monokultur) dengan jarak tanam 120
cm x 80 cm. Populasi kacang tanah pada kedua pola tersebut sekitar 70% dari
populasi monokultur.
Diunduh dari: http://www.litbang.deptan.go.id/berita/one/753/ …… 20/12/2012
Biodiversity Loss
Soil
Loss and degradation of habitat fromErosion
clearing grasslands and forests and
draining wetland
Loss of fertility
Fish kills from pesticide runoff
Killing of wild predators to protect
livestock
Salinization
Waterlogging
Loss of genetic diversity from
Desertification
replacing thousands of wild crop
strains with a few monoculture strains
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Air Pollution
Water
Water waste
Greenhouse gas emissions from fossil
Fuel issue
Aquifer depletion
Surface and ground
pollution from pesti
and fertilizers
Increased
runoff and
Other air pollutants from fossil fuel
use
Pollution from pesticide sprays
Overfertilization of l
flooding from land cleared
and slow-moving riv
to grow crops
from runoff of nitrat
and phosphates from
Sediment pollution from
fertilizers, livestock
erosion
wastes, and food
processing wastes
Fish kills from pesticide
runoff
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Human Health
Nitrates in drinking water
Pesticide residues in drinking water,
food, and air
Contamination of drinking and
swimming water with disease
organisms from livestock wastes
Bacterial contamination of meat
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
REVOLUSI HIJAU
Techniques to increase crop output per unit area of cultivated
land (since world was running out of arable land)
Special crop breeds (drought-tolerant, salt-tolerant, etc.) are a key
component.
It enabled food production to keep pace with population.
HKTI sulap Tanah Tandus Samosir menjadi Ladang Jagung
Unggulan
HKTI patut bangga. Pasalnya, petani jagung di wilayah tersebut
biasanya hanya mampu menghasilkan 4 ton setiap hectare (ha).
Namun dengan bibit percontohan dari HKTI mampu menghasilkan
8 ton per ha atau dua kali lipat pipil jagung.
Diunduh dari: http://sumut-berita.blogspot.com/2012/03/hkti-sulap-tanah-tandus-samosirmenjadi.html …… 21/12/2012
REVOLUSI HIJAU:
DAMPAK LINGKUNGANNYA
Intensification of agriculture causes environmental harm:
• Pollution from synthetic fertilizers
• Pollution from synthetic pesticides
• Water depleted for irrigation
• Fossil fuels used for heavy equipment
However, without the green revolution, much more land would have been
converted for agriculture, destroying forests, wetlands, and other ecosystems.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
"Sustainable Agricultural Development" defined by FAO in 1990 was
translated into several basic criteria to measure the sustainability of
present agriculture and future trends. These criteria can be listed as
follows:
1. Meeting the food needs of present and future generations in terms of
quantity and quality and the demand for other agricultural products.
2. Providing enough jobs, securing income and creating human living
and working conditions for all those engaged in agricultural
production.
3. Maintaining, and where possible enhancing, the productive capacity
of the natural resources base as a whole and the regenerative capacity
of renewable resources, without impairing the function of basic
natural cycles and ecological balance, destroying the socio-cultural
identity of rural communities or contaminating the environment.
4. Making the agricultural sector more resilient against adverse natural
and socio-economic factors and other risks, and strengthening the
self-confidence of rural populations.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&style=&type_id=4&id=20110808172707&print=
1…… 23/12/2012
REVOLUSI HIJAU:
DAMPAK LINGKUNGANNYA
Ecological Costs
Many ecological problems have increased dramatically in recent
years. These include:
1. Contamination of water by pesticides, nitrates, soil and
livestock wastes, causing harm to wildlife, disruptions of
ecosystems and possible health problems in drinking water;
2. Contamination of food and fodder by residues of pesticides,
nitrates and antibiotics;
3. Damage to farm and natural resources by pesticides, causing
harm to farmworkers and public, disruption of ecosystems
and harm to wildlife;
4. Contamination of the atmosphere by ammonia, nitrous oxide,
methane and the products of burning, which play a role in
ozone depletion, global warming and atmospheric pollution;
5. Overuse of natural resources, causing depletion of
groundwater, and loss of wild foods and habitats, and of their
capacity to absorb wastes, causing waterlogging and
increased salinity;
6. The tendency in agriculture to standardise and specialise by
focusing on modern varieties, causing displacement of
traditional varieties and breeds;
7. New health hazards for workers in the agrochemical and
food-processing industries.
Diunduh dari: http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/mods/theme_c/popups/mod15t01s02.html
…… 23/12/2012
Agricultural modernisation
Grain production
(millions of tons)
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year
Total World Grain Production
Social Costs
Agricultural modernisation has also helped to transform many rural communities,
both in the South and the North. The process has had many social impacts. These
include the loss of jobs, the further disadvantaging of women economically if
they do not have access to the use and benefits of the new technology, the
increasing specialisation of livelihoods, the growing gap between the well-off
and the poor, and the cooption of village institutions by the state.
Source: Pretty, J. (1998) Regenerating Agriculture, Earthscan, London, p. 4.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
PRODUKSI PANGAN DUNIA
In 1983, the amount of grain produced per capita leveled off
and began to decline.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
MANAJEMEN HAMA
Terms pest and weed have no scientific or objective definitions.
Any organism that does something we humans don’t like gets called a
pest or a weed.
The organisms are simply trying to survive and reproduce… and a
monoculture is an irresistible smorgasbord of food for them.
B-IPM
Biologically based Integrated Pest Management (B-IPM)
integrates, or combines, different management tools to
provide better leafy spurge control than any single tool
could produce.
The foundation for this B-IPM approach is biological
control: Biocontrol agents like the host-specific leafy spurge
flea beetle are integrated with other tools -- such as multispecies grazing programs, herbicides, reseeding, tillage,
burning and clipping -- to produce effective, affordable and
ecologically sustainable leafy spurge control.
B-IPM offers the flexibility landowners and land managers
need to devise different management strategies for different
situations.
Diunduh dari: http://www.team.ars.usda.gov/v2/ipmls.html …… 23/12/2012
B-IPM
Disadvantages of biological control: Like other management tools, biological
control is not a perfect solution to the leafy spurge problem. The biggest
drawback is that biological control is not a "quick fix." In most cases, biocontrol
agents will take several years to successfully establish a population and begin
making a significant contribution to leafy spurge management. In addition, no
one biocontrol agent works in every situation.
An agent that works well in one soil type, for example, may not work at all in
another soil type. In the long run, more than one type of biocontrol agent may
have to be used to achieve uniform control across a variety of different situations
and land types.
Diunduh dari: http://www.team.ars.usda.gov/v2/ipmls.html …… 23/12/2012
B-IPM
Control tools
a)
Herbicides are the most commonly used control tool, and are the
preferred tool for containing and preventing the spread of
infestations. Disadvantage: Herbicides are expensive -- the cost of
treatment can exceed the value of the land and/or the economic
return from the land. In addition, herbicides are not target specific
and are subject to environmental restrictions.
b) Cultural and mechanical controls such as reseeding, clipping and
burning can be used to give desirable grasses and plants a
competitive advantage while reducing leafy spurge’s dominance.
c) Multi-species grazing can provide leafy spurge control while
increasing ranch profitability by diversifying cattle grazing
operations with sheep or goats.
d) Biological control is another tool that can be used to manage leafy
spurge and offers some advantages when compared to "traditional"
management tools.
1. Biological control is economically sustainable. Leafy spurge
biocontrol agents can usually be obtained or collected for
free, and do not require a large investment of money or time
to use or maintain. Other tools require a greater investment of
resources.
2. Biological control is ecologically sustainable. Once
established, leafy spurge biocontrol agents are self-sustaining
-- they’ll always be there, working in the background to
control leafy spurge.
3. In addition, biocontrol agents are not known to cause any
adverse ecological consequences.
Diunduh dari: http://www.team.ars.usda.gov/v2/ipmls.html …… 23/12/2012
B-IPM
Biologically based Integrated Pest
Management
The best approach to controlling leafy spurge is Biologically
based Integrated Pest Management. It’s effective and affordable,
and can be used anywhere.
B-IPM integrates, or combines, different management tools to
provide more effective leafy spurge control than could be
achieved by using any single tool. This integration offers the
flexibility ranchers, landowners and land managers need to tailor
management programs that fit their specific needs.
Biologically based Integrated Pest Management combines
ecologically sound strategies with other tools to provide better
control and more flexibility than can be achieved using any
single tool alone. It is by far the best approach. The results speak
for itself. The dramatic change is the result of a cost-effective,
integrated approach using grazing and biological control.
Diunduh dari: http://www.team.ars.usda.gov/v2/ipmls.html …… 23/12/2012
PESTISIDA KIMIAWI
Synthetic poisons that target organisms judged to be
pests
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
PENGGUNAAN
PESTISIDA
Pesticide use is still rising sharply across the world, although
growth has slowed in the U.S.
1 billion kg (2 billion lbs.) of pesticides are applied each year in
the U.S .
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
RESISTENSI HAMA THD
PESTISIDA
Pesticides gradually become less effective, because pests evolve
resistance to them.
Those few pests that survive pesticide applications because they happen
to be genetically immune will be the ones that reproduce and pass on
their genes to the next generation.
This is evolution by natural selection, and it threatens our very food
supply.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Effects of pesticide selection
Repeated use of the same class of pesticides to control a pest can
cause undesirable changes in the gene pool of a pest leading to
another form of artificial selection, pesticide resistance. When a
pesticide is first used, a small proportion of the pest population
may survive exposure to the material due to their distinct genetic
makeup.
These individuals pass along the genes for resistance to the next
generation. Subsequent uses of the pesticide increase the
proportion of less-susceptible individuals in the population.
Through this process of selection, the population gradually
develops resistance to the pesticide.
Diunduh dari: http://www.grapes.msu.edu/pesticideresist.htm…… 23/12/2012
RESISTENSI HAMA THD
PESTISIDA
1. Pests
attack
crop
2. Pesticide applied
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
RESISTENSI HAMA THD
PESTISIDA
3. All pests
except a
few with
innate
resistanc
e are
killed
4. Survivors breed
and produce
pesticide-resistant
population
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
RESISTENSI HAMA THD
PESTISIDA
5. Pesticide
applied
again
6. Has little effect.
More-toxic
chemicals
must be developed.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
RESISTENSI HAMA THD PESTISIDA
How pesticide resistance develops
Some plant pathogens have also become resistant to pesticides.
Among fruit producers in North America, apple growers perhaps
have faced the most significant problems with pesticide resistance.
Examples include streptomycin resistance in the fire blight
bacterium and benomyl resistance in the apple scab pathogen.
Although the precise genetic and ecological factors differ among
pests that have become resistant, in all cases resistance is driven by
one process -- selection.
PERKEMBANGAN RESISTENSI PESTISIDA
Diunduh dari: http://www.grapes.msu.edu/pesticideresist.htm…… 23/12/2012
PENGENDALIAN
HAYATI
Synthetic chemicals can pollute and be health hazards.
Biological control (biocontrol) avoids this.
Biocontol entails battling pests and weeds with
other organisms that are natural enemies of those
pests and weeds.
(“The enemy of my enemy is my friend.”)
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Pengendalian hayati adalah suatu teknik pengendalian
hama atau organisme pengganggu tanaman dengan
memanfaatkan musuh alami dari OPT tersebut.
1.
2.
3.
Pendekatan dalam pengendalian hayati
Konservasi : menjaga atau melindungi populasi
musuh alami yang terdapat di lapangan.
Augmentasi : melakukan pembiakan masal musuh
alami di laboratorium jika jumlah populasi musuh
alami di lapangan sangat sedikit.
Introduksi : mendatangkan musuh alami dari suatu
daerah ke daerah lain yang populasinya masih sedikit.
Diunduh dari: http://apriastika.wordpress.com/2012/05/01/sekilas-tentang-pengendalian-hayati/
…… 22/12/2012
PENGENDALIAN HAYATI
Biocontrol has had success stories.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) = soil bacterium that kills many
insects. In many cases, seemingly safe and effective.
Cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (above),
was used to wipe out invasive prickly pear
cactus in Australia.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
RISIKO
PENGENDALIAN HAYATI
Most biocontrol agents are introduced from elsewhere.
Some may turn invasive and become pests themselves!
Cactus moths brought to the Caribbean jumped to Florida, are
eating native cacti, and spreading.
Wasps and flies brought to Hawaii to control crop pests are
parasitizing native caterpillars in wilderness areas.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
The relativity of potential risk to nontarget plant species based on
phylogeny, biogeography, and ecology. The testing procedure should seek
to measure the maximum level of risk posed by an agent’s introduction.
Actual measured risk may in fact be much lower than potential risk, but
the latter provides a useful framework for selecting test plants.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1049964402001111……
22/12/2012
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
(IPM)
Combines biocontrol, chemical, and other methods
May involve:
• Biocontrol
• Pesticides
• Close population monitoring
• Habitat modification
• Crop rotation
• Transgenic crops
• Alternative tillage
• Mechanical pest removal
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Diunduh dari: http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/ipm_is/ipmwheel.asp…… 23/12/2012