Kualitas lahan
KOMPONEN TANAH
• Soil is a complex mixture of organic and
inorganic components and living organisms.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
HUMUS
• Dark, crumbly mass of undifferentiated material made up of
complex organic compounds
• Soils with high humus content hold moisture better and are
more productive for plant life.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Components of soil organic matter and their functions
Soil organic matter consists of a variety of components. These
include, in varying proportions and many intermediate stages, an
active organic fraction including microorganisms (10-40 percent),
and resistant or stable organic matter (40-60 percent), also referred
to as humus.
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/a0100e/a0100e04.htm …… 21/12/2012
PROFIL TANAH
•
•
Consists of layers
called horizons.
•
Simplest:
•
A = topsoil
•
B = subsoil
•
C = parent
material
But most have O,
A, E, B, C, and R
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
SOIL PROFILE
•
O Horizon: Organic or
litter layer
•
•
A Horizon: Topsoil.
Mostly inorganic
minerals with some
organic material and
humus mixed in. Crucial
for plant growth
E Horizon: Eluviation
horizon; loss of minerals
by leaching, a process
whereby solid materials
are dissolved and
transported away
•
B Horizon: Subsoil. Zone
of accumulation or
deposition of leached
minerals and organic
acids from above
•
C Horizon: Slightly
altered parent material
•
R Horizon: Bedrock
Diunduh dari:
http://ktcomilloniportfolio.wikispaces.com/file/view/AG
1060a.gif/127711929/AG1060a.gif …… 21/12/2012
Diunduh dari:
www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_
EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt ……
20/12/2012
DESKRIPSI TANAH
• Soil can be characterized by color and several other traits:
– Texture (percentage sand, silt, clay)
– Structure; Porosity
Diunduh dari:
– Cation exchange capacity ; pH
www.instruction.greenrive
r.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh0
– Parent Material
6Lecture.ppt ……
– Infiltration rate
20/12/2012
– Nutrient concentrations
–Best for plant growth is loam, an even mix of sand, silt and clay.
Diunduh dari: http://elkhorn.unl.edu/epublic/pages/publicationD.jsp?publicationId=111 ……
21/12/2012
EROSION &
DEPOSITION
• Erosion = removal of material from
one place and its transport elsewhere
•
by wind or water
• Deposition = arrival of eroded material
at a new location
• These processes are natural, and can
build up fertile soil.
• But where artificially sped up, they are
a big problem for farming.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
EROSION &
DEPOSITION
• Sand dunes around Moses Lake are all that are left of the
wind erosion in that area.
• The smaller particles, silt and clay were blown eastward
toward the Palouse.
• The deposition of the silt and clay particles led to the
formation of the Palouse Hills. The Palouse Hills are a
wind/water erosional surface.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Four types of soil erosion on an exposed slope.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.cep.unep.org/pubs/Techreports/tr32en/content.html…… 21/12/2012
EROSI TANAH
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/t1765e/t1765e05.htm …… 21/12/2012
TIPE EROSI TANAH
Raindrop impact is the major cause of soil particle detachment , which
can result in the particles moving down slope in flowing water (as sheet
erosion) during a rainfall event. Flowing water can also detach soil
particles if the velocity is high enough, usually where water starts to
concentrate (rill and gully erosion ).
If the velocity is reduced sufficiently, particles will settle out. The
velocity at which settling begins is dependent on particle size and
density, as is the time required for the particles to settle out. Large,
dense particles, such as grains of sand, settle first. Fine clays settle out
slowly and only in relatively still water.
Diunduh dari: http://extension.missouri.edu/p/G1509 …… 21/12/2012
EROSI TANAH:
MASALAH GLOBAL
• Over 19 billion ha (47 billion acres) suffer from erosion or
other soil degradation.
• Mississippi River…to thin to plow to thick to drink (Sam
Clemens)
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Terasering pada lahan kentang di lereng G. Arjuno, untuk
mengendalikan erosi tanah. Foto Jasa Tirta 2009
KONSERVASI TANAH
Soil conservation is the best way to make sure that we
have the land we need to live on. Erosion is the biggest
enemy of soil and land conservation. Protecting /
conserving soil with grass, plants or mulch is needed.
Always make sure that the soil on your property stays
right where it should be!
Diunduh dari: http://www.keepbanderabeautiful.org/soilconservation.html …… 21/12/2012
MENCEGAH DEGRADASI
TANAH
• Several farming strategies to prevent soil degradation:
– • Crop rotation; • Contour farming
– • Intercropping; • Terracing
– • Shelterbelts; • Conservation tillage
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Diunduh dari:
http://www.worldagroforestry.org/units/Library/Books/Book%2032/an%20introduction%20to%20
agroforestry/html/15_effects_of_trees.htm?n=80 …… 21/12/2012
.
ROTASI TANAMAN
• Alternating the crop planted (e.g., between corn
and soybeans) can restore nutrients to soil and
fight pests and disease.
DESIGNING THE CROP ROTATION
PATTERN:
1. Based on knowledge from past years or from rainfall data,
determine the onset and the end of the rainy season.
2. Choose short-maturing varieties of both rice and legume
crop to accomodate a three-crop sequence or to avoid
water stress.
3. Estimate the planting and harvesting dates of each crop in
the cropping sequence.
4. If, based on the rainfall occurrence and drainage system,
only a two-crop sequence is possible, there is a flexibility
to choose a longer duration crop variety which has other
desired characteristics.
Diunduh dari: nzdl.org …… 21/12/2012
.
ROTASI TANAMAN
Diunduh dari: nzdl.org …… 21/12/2012
PERTANIAN KONTUR
• Planting along contour lines of slopes helps reduce
erosion on hillsides.
The management practices such as contouring, strip planting,
cover cropping, alley cropping,reduced tillage, terracing and
leaving some crop residue on the land help to eliminate or
minimize the loss of soil from water and wind erosion
Diunduh dari:
http://www.bensoninstitute.org/Publication/Lessons/Images/L1/LandPreparation/fp/1306.jpg ……
21/12/2012
TUMPANG-SARI =
Intercropping
• Mixing crops such as in strip cropping can provide
nutrients and reduce erosion.
Uganda. Kayunga district. Kiwugu. Intercropping fields of
maize, beans and pineapple plants. © 2004 Didier Ruef
Diunduh dari: http://didierruef.photoshelter.com/image/I0000fvxRkqx3M18 …… 21/12/2012
ALLEY CROPPING
The Concept of Alley Cropping on Sloping Lands
Fast-growing, deep-rooted legume trees such as leucaena (
Leucaena leucocephala) have been planted in double or single
rows in Indonesia and the Philippines by small-scale farmers
on sloping lands to control erosion (Lungren and Nair 1985).
Food crops are then planted in the alleys between the trees.
Periodic pruning is needed to prevent shading of the food crops
by the tree canopy. Once established, the trees facilitate terrace
formation within the alley
Diunduh dari: http://www.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&id=20110804181442&type_id=4 ……
21/12/2012
TARASSERING
•
Cutting stairsteps or terraces is the only way to farm extremely
steep hillsides without causing massive erosion.
• Bench terraces are a soil and water conservation measure used on
sloping land with relatively deep soils to retain water and control
erosion. They are normally constructed by cutting and filling to
produce a series of level steps or benches. This allows water to
infiltrate slowly into the soil. Bench terraces are reinforced by
retaining banks of soil or stone on the forward edges. This practice
is typical for rice-based cropping systems.
• In China, a modification of bench terraces includes an interval slope
planted with perennials and grasses between individual terraces.
This system is suitable where soil erosion is critical, rainfall is low
and labor and farm manure are not typically available. Shrubs or
herbs can also be grown on the edges of the terraces.
Diunduh dari: http://www.greenstone.org/greenstone3/ …… 21/12/2012
PENGOLAHAN TANAH
KONSERVASI
• No-till and reduced-tillage farming leaves old crop
residue on the ground instead of plowing it into
soil. This covers the soil, keeping it in place.
• Here, corn grows up out of a “cover crop.”
Diunduh dari: http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/machines_11.html ……
21/12/2012
PENGOLAHAN TANAH
KONSERVASI
• Conservation tillage is not a panacea for all crops everywhere.
• It often requires more chemical herbicides (because weeds are
not plowed under).
• It often requires more fertilizer (because other plants compete
with crops for nutrients).
But legume cover crops can keep weeds at bay while nourishing soil,
and green manures can be used as organic fertilizers.
The increased soil stratification and size and activity of soil organism
populations under conservation tillage compared to conventional tillage lead to
increased nutrient retention. Figure credit: Ed Zaborski, University of Illinois.
Adapted from House and Parmelee (1985).
Diunduh dari: http://www.extension.org/pages/18636/soil-fertility-in-organic-farming-systems:much-more-than-plant-nutrition …… 21/12/2012
Trade-Offs
Conservation Tillage
Advantages
Reduces erosion
Saves fuel
Disadvantages
Can increase
herbicide use for
some crops
Cuts costs
Holds more soil
water
Reduces soil
compaction
Allows several crops
per season
Does not reduce
crop yields
Reduces CO2
release from soil
Leaves stalks that
can harbor crop
pests and fungal
diseases and
increase pesticide
use
Requires
investment
in expensive
equipment
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
IRRIGATION
• The artificial provision of water to support agriculture
• 70% of all freshwater used by humans is used for irrigation.
• Irrigation has boosted productivity in many places
… but too much can cause problems.
Fungsi Irigasi
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
memasok kebutuhan air tanaman
menjamin ketersediaan air apabila terjadi betatan
menurunkan suhu tanah
mengurangi kerusakan akibat frost
melunakkan lapis keras pada saat pengolahan tanah
Diunduh dari: http://rezaslash.blogspot.com/2012/03/irigasi-pengenalan.html …… 21/12/2012
SAWAH IRIGASI
Bojonegoro tetapkan sawah irigasi jadi sawah
abadi
Pemerintah Kabupaten Bojonegoro, Jawa Timur, menetapkan
sawah irigasi teknis yang memperoleh air irigasi kontinyu
sebagai sawah abadi yang dilarang dimanfaatkan sebagai
kawasan industri dan permukiman.
Kepala Dinas Pertanian Bojonegoro Subekti, Rabu mengatakan,
pihaknya sudah menentukan sawah abadi yang menjadi sentra
penghasil tanaman pangan, berdasarkan Peraturan Pemerintah
(PP) No. 1 Tahun 2011 tentang Penetapan dan Alih Fungsi Lahan
Pertanian Berkelanjutan.
Diunduh dari: http://pertanianbojonegoro.net/bojonegoro-tetapkan-sawah-irigasi-jadi-sawahabadi/69/ …… 21/12/2012
IMPROVED
IRRIGATION
• In conventional
irrigation, only
40% of the
water reaches
plants.
• Efficient drip
irrigation
targeted to
plants
conserves
water, saves
money, and
reduces
problems like
salinization.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Solutions
Soil Salinization
Prevention
Reduce irrigation
Cleanup
Flushing soil
(expensive and
wastes water)
Not growing crops
for 2-5 years
Switch to salttolerant crops
(such as barley,
cotton, sugar beet)
Installing underground drainage
systems (expensive)
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
PUPUK &
PEMUPUKAN
• Supply nutrients to crops
• Inorganic fertilizers = mined or synthetically manufactured mineral
supplements
• Organic fertilizers = animal manure, crop residues, compost, etc.
Pemberian pupuk berimbang dalam kajian ini bukan berarti memberikan pupuk
N, P dan K dalam jumlah seimbang untuk tanaman padi. Yang dimaksud
pemupukan berimbang dalam kajian ini adalah pemberian pupuk N, P dan K
disesuaikan dengan target hasil gabah yang ingin dicapai, sumbangan hara N, P
dan K berasal dari tanah serta kekurangan hara untuk mencapai target hasil
tersebut dengan penambahan pupuk anorganik dalam bentuk pupuk urea, SP-36
dan KCl. Berdasar teori dikatakan bahwa hasil gabah ditentukan oleh faktor
tanah, tanaman dan lingkungan.
Diunduh dari: http://paretmesjed.blogspot.com/2011/04/pemberian-pupuk-berimbang.html ……
21/12/2012
GLOBAL
FERTILIZER USAGES
• Fertilizer use has risen dramatically in the past 50
years.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Trade-Offs
Inorganic Commercial Fertilizers
Advantages
Disadvantages
Easy to transport
Do not add humus to soil
Easy to store
Reduce organic matter
in soil
Easy to apply
Reduce ability of soil to
hold water
Inexpensive to produce
Lower oxygen content of
soil
Help feed one of every
three people in the
world
Require large amounts of
energy to produce,
transport, and apply
Release the greenhouse
gas nitrous oxide (N2O)
Without commercial
inorganic fertilizers,
world food output could
drop by 40%
Runoff can overfertilize
nearby lakes and kill fish
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Overgrazing
• When livestock eat too much plant
cover on rangelands, impeding plant
regrowth
• The contrast between ungrazed and
overgrazed land on either side of a
fenceline can be striking.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
OVERGRAZING
• Overgrazing can set in motion a series of positive
feedback loops.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
KETAHANAN PANGAN
DUNIA
• However, the world still has 800 million hungry people,
largely due to inadequate distribution.
• And considering soil degradation, can we count on food
production continuing to rise?
• Global food security is a goal of scientists and policymakers
worldwide.
Pada 2012, produksi padi jatim diperkirakan 11,69 juta ton
Kepala Badaan Pusat Statistik (BPS) Jatim Irlan Indrocahyo SE MSi di
kantornya Jl Kendangsari Industri, Surabaya,Selasa (3/7) mengatakan,
kenaikan produksi padi terjadi karena naiknya luas panen padi seluas
32,81 ribu hektare atau 1,70 persen dan produktivitasnya juga
mengalami kenaikan 4,78 kuintal/hektare atau 8,71 persen.
Diunduh dari: http://kominfo.jatimprov.go.id/watch/31604 …… 21/12/2012
GIZI = NUTRITION
• Undernourishment = too few calories (especially developing
world)
• Overnutrition = too many calories (especially developed
world)
• Malnutrition = lack of nutritional requirements
• (causes numerous diseases, esp. in developing world)
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
REVOLUSI HIJAU
• An intensification of industrialization of agriculture, which
has produced large yield increases since 1950
• Increased yield per unit of land farmed
• Begun in U.S. and other developed nations; exported to
developing nations like India and those in Africa
•
are more productive for plant life.
Tingginya produksi padi Indramayu ini disebabkan oleh
luasnya lahan sawah yang ada. Dari luas wilayah Indramayu
yang mencapai 204 ribu ha, 114 ribu ha (55%) di antaranya
adalah lahan sawah. Dengan luas sebesar itu, Indramayu
menempati urutan pertama di Jawa Barat.
Diunduh dari: http://casdiraku.wordpress.com/2009/03/15/potret-pertanian-indramayu-paradokslumbung-padi-jawa-barat/ …… 21/12/2012
SISTEM MONOKULTUR
• Intensified agriculture meant monocultures, vast
spreads of a single crop.
• This is economically efficient, but increases risk of
catastrophic failure (“all eggs in one basket”).
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
The Costs of Modern Agriculture
The process of agricultural modernisation has had an important
influence on farm productivity and improved living standards for
many farmers. However, farmers need access to: modern seeds,
water, labour, capital or credit, fertilisers and pesticides.
Many poorer farming households simply cannot adopt the whole
package. If one element is missing, the seed delivery system fails
or the fertiliser arrives late, or there is insufficient irrigation
water, then yields may not be much better that those for
traditional varieties.
Even if farmers want to use external resources, very often
delivery systems are unable to supply them on time.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/mods/theme_c/popups/mod15t01s02.html…… 23/12/2012
DIVERSITAS
TANAMAN
• Monocultures also have reduced crop diversity.
• 90% of all human food now comes from only 15 crop species
and 8 livestock species.
Pengaturan Jarak Tanam Ubikayu dan Kacang Tanah untuk
Meningkatkan Indeks Pertanaman di Lahan Kering Masam
Penelitian di Banjarnegara dilakukan dengan menanam ubikayu dengan jarak
tanam baris ganda (60 cm x 70 cm) x 2 m dan (60 cm x 70 cm) x 2,6 m. Kacang
tanah ditanam diantara baris ganda ubikayu. Pada saat tanam kacang tanah MH
II, ubikayu sudah berumur tiga bulan. Pada sistem tanam baris ganda (60 cm x 70
cm) x 2 m dan (60 cm x 70 cm) x 2,6 m populasi ubikayu masing-masing sekitar
105% dan 86% dibandingkan cara petani (monokultur) dengan jarak tanam 120
cm x 80 cm. Populasi kacang tanah pada kedua pola tersebut sekitar 70% dari
populasi monokultur.
Diunduh dari: http://www.litbang.deptan.go.id/berita/one/753/ …… 20/12/2012
Biodiversity Loss
Soil
Loss and degradation of habitat fromErosion
clearing grasslands and forests and
draining wetland
Loss of fertility
Fish kills from pesticide runoff
Killing of wild predators to protect
livestock
Salinization
Waterlogging
Loss of genetic diversity from
Desertification
replacing thousands of wild crop
strains with a few monoculture strains
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Air Pollution
Water
Water waste
Greenhouse gas emissions from fossil
Fuel issue
Aquifer depletion
Surface and ground
pollution from pesti
and fertilizers
Increased
runoff and
Other air pollutants from fossil fuel
use
Pollution from pesticide sprays
Overfertilization of l
flooding from land cleared
and slow-moving riv
to grow crops
from runoff of nitrat
and phosphates from
Sediment pollution from
fertilizers, livestock
erosion
wastes, and food
processing wastes
Fish kills from pesticide
runoff
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
REVOLUSI HIJAU
• Techniques to increase crop output per unit area of
cultivated land (since world was running out of arable land)
• Special crop breeds (drought-tolerant, salt-tolerant, etc.) are
a key component.
• It enabled food production to keep pace with population.
HKTI sulap Tanah Tandus Samosir menjadi Ladang Jagung
Unggulan
HKTI patut bangga. Pasalnya, petani jagung di wilayah tersebut
biasanya hanya mampu menghasilkan 4 ton setiap hectare (ha).
Namun dengan bibit percontohan dari HKTI mampu menghasilkan
8 ton per ha atau dua kali lipat pipil jagung.
Diunduh dari: http://sumut-berita.blogspot.com/2012/03/hkti-sulap-tanah-tandus-samosirmenjadi.html …… 21/12/2012
REVOLUSI HIJAU:
DAMPAK LINGKUNGANNYA
•
Intensification of agriculture causes environmental harm:
• Pollution from synthetic fertilizers
•
• Pollution from synthetic pesticides
•
• Water depleted for irrigation
•
• Fossil fuels used for heavy equipment
• However, without the green revolution, much more land would have been
converted for agriculture, destroying forests, wetlands, and other ecosystems.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
"Sustainable Agricultural Development" defined by FAO in 1990 was
translated into several basic criteria to measure the sustainability of
present agriculture and future trends. These criteria can be listed as
follows:
1. Meeting the food needs of present and future generations in terms of
quantity and quality and the demand for other agricultural products.
2. Providing enough jobs, securing income and creating human living
and working conditions for all those engaged in agricultural
production.
3. Maintaining, and where possible enhancing, the productive capacity
of the natural resources base as a whole and the regenerative capacity
of renewable resources, without impairing the function of basic
natural cycles and ecological balance, destroying the socio-cultural
identity of rural communities or contaminating the environment.
4. Making the agricultural sector more resilient against adverse natural
and socio-economic factors and other risks, and strengthening the
self-confidence of rural populations.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&style=&type_id=4&id=20110808172707&print=
1…… 23/12/2012
REVOLUSI HIJAU:
DAMPAK LINGKUNGANNYA
Ecological Costs
Many ecological problems have increased dramatically in recent
years. These include:
1. Contamination of water by pesticides, nitrates, soil and
livestock wastes, causing harm to wildlife, disruptions of
ecosystems and possible health problems in drinking water;
2. Contamination of food and fodder by residues of pesticides,
nitrates and antibiotics;
3. Damage to farm and natural resources by pesticides, causing
harm to farmworkers and public, disruption of ecosystems
and harm to wildlife;
4. Contamination of the atmosphere by ammonia, nitrous oxide,
methane and the products of burning, which play a role in
ozone depletion, global warming and atmospheric pollution;
5. Overuse of natural resources, causing depletion of
groundwater, and loss of wild foods and habitats, and of their
capacity to absorb wastes, causing waterlogging and
increased salinity;
6. The tendency in agriculture to standardise and specialise by
focusing on modern varieties, causing displacement of
traditional varieties and breeds;
7. New health hazards for workers in the agrochemical and
food-processing industries.
Diunduh dari: http://www.unesco.org/education/tlsf/mods/theme_c/popups/mod15t01s02.html
…… 23/12/2012
Agricultural modernisation
Grain production
(millions of tons)
2,000
1,500
1,000
500
0
1950
1960
1970
1980
1990
2000
2010
Year
Total World Grain Production
Social Costs
Agricultural modernisation has also helped to transform many rural communities,
both in the South and the North. The process has had many social impacts. These
include the loss of jobs, the further disadvantaging of women economically if
they do not have access to the use and benefits of the new technology, the
increasing specialisation of livelihoods, the growing gap between the well-off
and the poor, and the cooption of village institutions by the state.
Source: Pretty, J. (1998) Regenerating Agriculture, Earthscan, London, p. 4.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
MANAJEMEN HAMA
•
Terms pest and weed have no scientific or objective definitions.
• Any organism that does something we humans don’t like gets called
a pest or a weed.
• The organisms are simply trying to survive and reproduce… and a
monoculture is an irresistible smorgasbord of food for them.
B-IPM
Biologically based Integrated Pest Management (B-IPM)
integrates, or combines, different management tools to
provide better leafy spurge control than any single tool
could produce.
The foundation for this B-IPM approach is biological
control: Biocontrol agents like the host-specific leafy spurge
flea beetle are integrated with other tools -- such as multispecies grazing programs, herbicides, reseeding, tillage,
burning and clipping -- to produce effective, affordable and
ecologically sustainable leafy spurge control.
B-IPM offers the flexibility landowners and land managers
need to devise different management strategies for different
situations.
Diunduh dari: http://www.team.ars.usda.gov/v2/ipmls.html …… 23/12/2012
B-IPM
Disadvantages of biological control: Like other management tools, biological
control is not a perfect solution to the leafy spurge problem. The biggest
drawback is that biological control is not a "quick fix." In most cases, biocontrol
agents will take several years to successfully establish a population and begin
making a significant contribution to leafy spurge management. In addition, no
one biocontrol agent works in every situation.
An agent that works well in one soil type, for example, may not work at all in
another soil type. In the long run, more than one type of biocontrol agent may
have to be used to achieve uniform control across a variety of different situations
and land types.
Diunduh dari: http://www.team.ars.usda.gov/v2/ipmls.html …… 23/12/2012
B-IPM
Control tools
a)
Herbicides are the most commonly used control tool, and are the
preferred tool for containing and preventing the spread of
infestations. Disadvantage: Herbicides are expensive -- the cost of
treatment can exceed the value of the land and/or the economic
return from the land. In addition, herbicides are not target specific
and are subject to environmental restrictions.
b) Cultural and mechanical controls such as reseeding, clipping and
burning can be used to give desirable grasses and plants a
competitive advantage while reducing leafy spurge’s dominance.
c) Multi-species grazing can provide leafy spurge control while
increasing ranch profitability by diversifying cattle grazing
operations with sheep or goats.
d) Biological control is another tool that can be used to manage leafy
spurge and offers some advantages when compared to "traditional"
management tools.
1. Biological control is economically sustainable. Leafy spurge
biocontrol agents can usually be obtained or collected for
free, and do not require a large investment of money or time
to use or maintain. Other tools require a greater investment of
resources.
2. Biological control is ecologically sustainable. Once
established, leafy spurge biocontrol agents are self-sustaining
-- they’ll always be there, working in the background to
control leafy spurge.
3. In addition, biocontrol agents are not known to cause any
adverse ecological consequences.
Diunduh dari: http://www.team.ars.usda.gov/v2/ipmls.html …… 23/12/2012
B-IPM
Biologically based Integrated Pest
Management
The best approach to controlling leafy spurge is Biologically
based Integrated Pest Management. It’s effective and affordable,
and can be used anywhere.
B-IPM integrates, or combines, different management tools to
provide more effective leafy spurge control than could be
achieved by using any single tool. This integration offers the
flexibility ranchers, landowners and land managers need to tailor
management programs that fit their specific needs.
Biologically based Integrated Pest Management combines
ecologically sound strategies with other tools to provide better
control and more flexibility than can be achieved using any
single tool alone. It is by far the best approach. The results speak
for itself. The dramatic change is the result of a cost-effective,
integrated approach using grazing and biological control.
Diunduh dari: http://www.team.ars.usda.gov/v2/ipmls.html …… 23/12/2012
PESTISIDA KIMIAWI
• Synthetic poisons that target organisms judged to
be pests
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
RESISTENSI HAMA THD
PESTISIDA
•
Pesticides gradually become less effective, because pests evolve
resistance to them.
• Those few pests that survive pesticide applications because they
happen to be genetically immune will be the ones that reproduce
and pass on their genes to the next generation.
• This is evolution by natural selection, and it threatens our very food
supply.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Effects of pesticide selection
Repeated use of the same class of pesticides to control a pest can
cause undesirable changes in the gene pool of a pest leading to
another form of artificial selection, pesticide resistance. When a
pesticide is first used, a small proportion of the pest population
may survive exposure to the material due to their distinct genetic
makeup.
These individuals pass along the genes for resistance to the next
generation. Subsequent uses of the pesticide increase the
proportion of less-susceptible individuals in the population.
Through this process of selection, the population gradually
develops resistance to the pesticide.
Diunduh dari: http://www.grapes.msu.edu/pesticideresist.htm…… 23/12/2012
RESISTENSI HAMA THD
PESTISIDA
–
•
1. Pests
attack
crop
2. Pesticide applied
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
RESISTENSI HAMA THD
PESTISIDA
– 3. All
pests
except a
few with
innate
resistanc
e are
killed
• 4.
s breed
and produce
pesticide-resistant
population
Survivor
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
RESISTENSI HAMA THD
PESTISIDA
– 5.
Pestici
de
applied
again
6. Has little effect.
More-toxic
•
chemicals
• must be developed.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
RESISTENSI HAMA THD PESTISIDA
How pesticide resistance develops
Some plant pathogens have also become resistant to pesticides.
Among fruit producers in North America, apple growers perhaps
have faced the most significant problems with pesticide resistance.
Examples include streptomycin resistance in the fire blight
bacterium and benomyl resistance in the apple scab pathogen.
Although the precise genetic and ecological factors differ among
pests that have become resistant, in all cases resistance is driven by
one process -- selection.
PERKEMBANGAN RESISTENSI PESTISIDA
Diunduh dari: http://www.grapes.msu.edu/pesticideresist.htm…… 23/12/2012
PENGENDALIAN
HAYATI
• Synthetic chemicals can pollute and be health hazards.
• Biological control (biocontrol) avoids this.
• Biocontol entails battling pests and weeds with
other organisms that are natural enemies of those
pests and weeds.
(“The enemy of my enemy is my friend.”)
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Pengendalian hayati adalah suatu teknik pengendalian
hama atau organisme pengganggu tanaman dengan
memanfaatkan musuh alami dari OPT tersebut.
1.
2.
3.
Pendekatan dalam pengendalian hayati
Konservasi : menjaga atau melindungi populasi
musuh alami yang terdapat di lapangan.
Augmentasi : melakukan pembiakan masal musuh
alami di laboratorium jika jumlah populasi musuh
alami di lapangan sangat sedikit.
Introduksi : mendatangkan musuh alami dari suatu
daerah ke daerah lain yang populasinya masih sedikit.
Diunduh dari: http://apriastika.wordpress.com/2012/05/01/sekilas-tentang-pengendalian-hayati/
…… 22/12/2012
PENGENDALIAN HAYATI
• Biocontrol has had success stories.
Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) = soil bacterium that kills many
insects. In many cases, seemingly safe and effective.
Cactus moth, Cactoblastis cactorum (above),
was used to wipe out invasive prickly pear
cactus in Australia.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
RISIKO
PENGENDALIAN HAYATI
• Most biocontrol agents are introduced from elsewhere.
• Some may turn invasive and become pests themselves!
• Cactus moths brought to the Caribbean jumped to Florida,
are eating native cacti, and spreading.
• Wasps and flies brought to Hawaii to control crop pests are
parasitizing native caterpillars in wilderness areas.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
The relativity of potential risk to nontarget plant species based on
phylogeny, biogeography, and ecology. The testing procedure should seek
to measure the maximum level of risk posed by an agent’s introduction.
Actual measured risk may in fact be much lower than potential risk, but
the latter provides a useful framework for selecting test plants.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1049964402001111……
22/12/2012
INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT (IPM)
•
•
Combines biocontrol, chemical, and other methods
May involve:
– • Biocontrol
– • Pesticides
– • Close population monitoring
– • Habitat modification
– • Crop rotation
– • Transgenic crops
– • Alternative tillage
– • Mechanical pest removal
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Diunduh dari: http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/ipm_is/ipmwheel.asp…… 23/12/2012