Mk. Pengelolaan SDALH
TANAH, PERTANIAN
&
PANGAN MASA DEPAN
diabstraksikan: smno.psdl.pdkl.ppsub.2012/13
MODIFIKASI GENETIK
PANGAN
Manipulating and engineering genetic material in the lab may
represent the best hope for increasing agricultural production
further without destroying more natural lands.
But many people remain uneasy about genetically engineering
crop plants and other organisms.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Genetically modified foods (GM foods, or biotech foods) are
foods derived from genetically modified organisms (GMOs),
specifically, genetically modified crops.
GMOs have had specific changes introduced into their DNA by
genetic engineering techniques.
These techniques are much more precise than mutagenesis
(mutation breeding) where an organism is exposed to radiation or
chemicals to create a non-specific but stable change.
Other techniques by which humans modify food organisms
include selective breeding; plant breeding, and animal breeding,
and somaclonal variation.
Diunduh dari:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetically_modified_food…… 22/12/2012
REKAYASA GENETIK
MENGGUNAKAN
DNA - REKOMBINAN
Genetic engineering (GE) = directly manipulating an organism’s
genetic material in the lab by adding, deleting, or changing segments of
its DNA
Genetically modified (GM) organisms = genetically engineered using
recombinant DNA technology
Recombinant DNA = DNA patched together from DNA of multiple
organisms (e.g., adding disease-resistance genes from one plant to the
genes of another)
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
What is transgenic food?
Transgenic food are those directly made from or processed from
the species (animals, plants and microorganisms, etc.) which can
produce substances possessing highly effective expressions, such
as polypeptide and protein, after one or several types of exogenous
genes are transferred into it through the means of genetic
engineering.
The first category----transgenic plant food
product
There are various kinds of transgenic plant foods, such as high
protein wheat used to bake breads. To reverse the situation that
wheat in the current market contains low rate of protein, protein
genes possessing highly effective expressions are transferred into
wheat, so that bread made from the wheat can be of more
nutritious value.
Diunduh dari: http://www.nobelkepu.org.cn/english/life/136898.shtml …… 22/12/2012
TRANSGENE &
BIOTEKNOLOGI
Genes moved between organisms are transgenes,
and the organisms are transgenic.
These efforts are one type of biotechnology, the
material application of biological science to create
products derived from organisms.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Transgenosis technology is a kind of modern
technology in molecular biology, which is used
to transfer genes from one species into another
so as to reconstruct the genetic materials of the
receiving species for the improvement of its
properties, quality of nutrition in line with the
need of human beings.
The transgenic species as immediate food and
food processed from transgenic species are
called transgenic food.
Diunduh dari:
http://www.nobelkepu.org.cn/english/life/136898.shtml…… 22/12/2012
REKAYASA GENETIK vs.
PEMULIAAN TRADISIONAL
They are similar:
We have been altering crop genes (by artificial
selection) for thousands of years.
There is no fundamental difference: both approaches
modify organisms genetically.
They are different:
GE can mix genes of very different species.
GE is in vitro lab work, not with whole organisms.
GE uses novel gene combinations that didn’t come together
on their own.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Some GM foods
Golden
rice:
Enriched
with
vitamin
A.
But too
much
hype?
Ice-minus strawberries:
Frost-resistant bacteria
sprayed on.
Images alarmed public.
FlavrSavr tomato: Better
taste?
But pulled from market.
Bt crops:
Widely used
on U.S. crops.
But
ecological
concerns?
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Some GM foods
Bt sunflowers:
Insect resistant.
But could hybridize
with wild relatives to
create “superweeds”?
Roundup-Ready crops:
Resistant to Monsanto’s
herbicide. But encourages
more herbicide use?
StarLink corn: Bt corn
variety.
Genes spread to non-GM
corn; pulled from market.
Terminator
seeds: Plants
kill their own
seeds.
Farmers forced
to buy seeds
each year.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
TRANSFER KE DALAM
TANAMAN
Transferring genes into plants.
Click to view animation.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
PREVALENSI PANGAN
TRANSGENIK
Although many early GM crops ran into bad publicity or other
problems, biotechnology is already transforming the U.S. food
supply.
Two-thirds of U.S. soybeans, corn, and cotton are now
genetically modified strains.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Health concerns and potential food hazards
Health risks associated with genetically modified foods are
concerned with toxins, allergens, or genetic hazards. The
mechanisms of food hazards fall into three main categories
(Conner et al., 1999):
1. Inserted genes and their expression products
2. Secondary and pleiotropic effects of gene expression
3. Insertional mutagenesis resulting from gene
integration
For example, bean plants that were genetically modified to
increase cysteine and methionine content were discarded after the
discovery that the expressed protein of the transgene was highly
allergenic. (Butler et al., 1999)
Diunduh dari: http://www.nyu.edu/classes/jaeger/genetically_modified_foods.htm……
22/12/2012
PREVALENSI PANGAN
TRANSGENIK
Nearly 6 million farmers in 16 nations plant GM crops.
But most are grown by 4 nations.
The U.S. grows 66% of the world’s GM crops.
number of plantings have grown >10%/year
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
ORGANISME
TRANSGENIK
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Are there health risks for people?
Can transgenes escape into wild plants, pollute ecosystems,
harm organisms?
Can pests evolve resistance to GM crops just as they can to
pesticides?
Can transgenes jump from crops to weeds and make them
into “superweeds”?
Can transgenes get into traditional native crop races and ruin
their integrity?
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
The potential risks accompanied by disease
resistant plants deal mostly with viral resistance.
It is possible that viral resistance can lead to the
formation of new viruses, and therefore new
diseases.
It has been reported that naturally occurring
viruses can recombine with viral fragments that
are introduced to create transgenic plants, forming
new viruses.
Additionally, there can be many variations of this
newly formed virus. (Steinbrecher, 1996)
Diunduh dari: http://www.nyu.edu/classes/jaeger/genetically_modified_foods.htm……
22/12/2012
ORGANISME
TRANSGENIK
These questions are not fully answered yet.
In the meantime…
Should we not
worry, because
so many U.S.
crops are already
GM and little
drastic harm is
apparent?
Or should we adopt
the precautionary
principle, the idea
that one should take
no new action until its
ramifications are
understood?
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
PRODUK-PRODUK
TRANSGENIK
Should scientists and corporations be “tinkering with” our food
supply?
Are biotech corporations testing their products adequately, and is
outside oversight adequate?
Should large multinational corporations exercise power over
global agriculture and small farmers?
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
RISKS AND CONTROVERSY
With all this new technology comes question and fear.
What are the risks of "tampering with Mother Nature"?
What effects will this have on the environment?
Are there health concerns consumers should be aware of?
Is recombinant technology really beneficial?
The following section will address some major concerns
about the risks involved with genetically modified foods
and recombinant technology, touching up environmental
risks as well as health risks.
Diunduh dari: http://www.nyu.edu/classes/jaeger/genetically_modified_foods.htm …… 20/12/2012
Trade-Offs
Genetically Modified Food and Crops
Projected
Advantages
Need less fertilizer
Need less water
More resistant to insects,
plant disease, frost, and
drought
Projected
Disadvantages
Irreversible and
unpredictable genetic
and ecological effects
Harmful toxins in food
From possible plant
cell
Mutations
Faster growth
New allergens in food
Can grow in slightly salty
soils
Less spoilage
Better flavor
Less use of conventional
pesticides
Tolerate higher levels of
pesticide use
Lower nutrition
Increased evolution of
Pesticide-resistant
Insects and plant
disease
Creation of herbicideResistant weeds
Harm beneficial
insects
Higher yields
Lower genetic
diversity
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Viewpoints:
Genetically modified foods
Indra Vasil
Ignacio Chapela
“Biotech crops are
already helping to
conserve valuable
natural resources,
reduce the use of
harmful agrochemicals, produce
more nutritious foods,
and promote economic
development.”
“We should expect
fundamental alterations
in ecosystems with the
release of transgenic
crops… We are
experiencing a global
experiment without
controls.”
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
MELESTARIKAN
KEANEKA-RAGAMAN
TANAMAN
Native cultivars of crops are important to preserve, in case we
need their genes to overcome future pests or pathogens.
Diversity of cultivars has been rapidly disappearing from all
crops throughout the world.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Crop diversity is the variance in genetic and phenotypic
characteristics of plants used in agriculture.
Crops may vary in seed size, branching pattern, in height,
flower color, fruiting time, or flavor.
They may also vary in less obvious characteristics such
as their response to heat, cold or drought, or their ability
to resist specific diseases and pests.
It is possible to discover variation in almost every
conceivable trait, including nutritional qualities,
preparation and cooking techniques, and of course how a
crop tastes. And if a trait cannot be found in the crop
itself, it can often be found in a wild relative of the crop;
a plant that has similar species that have not been farmed
or used in agriculture, but exist in the wild.
Diunduh dari: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crop_diversity …… 22/12/2012
Seed banks preserve seeds, crop
varieties
Seed banks are living
museums of crop
diversity, saving
collections of seeds
and growing them
into plants every few
years to renew the
collection.
Careful hand pollination
helps ensure plants of one
type do not interbreed with
plants of another.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Animal agriculture: Livestock and
poultry
Consumption of meat has risen faster than
population over the past several decades.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
PERTANIAN-TERNAK
DAMPAK LINGKUNGANNYA
Increased meat consumption has led to animals being
raised in feedlots (factory farms), huge pens that
deliver energy-rich food to animals housed at
extremely high densities.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
PERTANIAN-TERNAK
DAMPAK LINGKUNGANNYA
Immense amount of waste produced, polluting air and water
nearby
Intense usage of chemicals (antibiotics, steroids, hormones),
some of which persist in environment
However, if all these animals were grazing on rangeland, how
much more natural land would be converted for agriculture?
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Diunduh dari: http://www.dpi.vic.gov.au/agriculture/about-agriculture/newsletters-andupdates/newsletters/milking-the-weather/june/seasonal-preparation ……..…… 22/12/2012
PILIHAN PANGAN =
PILIHAN ENERGI
Energy is lost at each trophic level.
When we eat meat from a cow fed on grain, most of the grain’s
energy has already been spent on the cow’s metabolism.
Eating meat is therefore very energy inefficient.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
The FOOD PYRAMID is a nutrition guide that is
shaped like a pyramid.
It is separated in parts, with each segment depicting
the suggested intake of a particular food group.
Diunduh dari: http://www.the-food-pyramid.com/healthy-diet/food-pyramid/ …..…… 22/12/2012
Grain feed input
for animal output
Some animal food products can be produced with less
input of grain feed than others.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
LAHAN DAN AIR UNTUK
TERNAK
Some animal food products can be produced with less input of
land and water than others.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
AQUACULTURE
The raising of aquatic organisms for food in controlled
environments
Provides 1/3 of world’s fish for consumption
220 species being farmed
The fastest growing type of food production
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Aquaculture
The cultivation of aquatic organisms. Some of the most common
organisms that are cultivated are salmon, trout, oysters, and clams.
Diunduh dari: http://intecsciwri.wikidot.com/aquaculture …… 22/12/2012
AQUACULTURE
Fish make up half
of aquacultural
production.
Molluscs and
plants each make
up nearly 1/4.
Global
aquaculture has
been doubling
about every 7
years.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
MANFAAT AKUAKULUR
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Provides reliable protein source for people, increases food security
Can be small-scale, local, and sustainable
Reduces fishing pressure on wild stocks, and eliminates bycatch
Uses fewer fossil fuels than fishing
Can be very energy efficient
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Budidaya Ikan Lele di Gemolong Sragen
Lele merupakan jenis ikan yang digemari masyarakat, dengan rasa yang lezat,
daging empuk, duri teratur dan dapat disajikan dalam berbagai macam menu
masakan. PT. NATURAL NUSANTARA dengan prinsip K-3 (Kuantitas, Kualitas
dan Kesehatan) membantu petani lele dengan paket produk dan teknologi.
Diunduh dari: http://merubahmimpi.blogspot.com/2011/01/budidaya-ikan-lele-di-gemolongsragen.html …… 20/12/2012
DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN
AKIBAT AKUAKULTUR
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Density of animals leads to disease, antibiotic use, risks to food
security.
It can generate large amounts of waste.
Often animals are fed grain, which is not energy efficient.
Sometimes animals are fed fish meal from wild-caught fish.
Farmed animals may escape into the wild and interbreed with,
compete with, or spread disease to wild animals.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Aquaculture is the fastest growing food production sector in the World with
annual growth in excess of 10 percent over the last two decades. Much of this
development has occurred in Asia, which also has the greatest variety of cultured
species and systems. Asia is also perceived as the ‘home’ of aquaculture, as
aquaculture has a long history in several areas of the region and knowledge of
traditional systems is most widespread.
Diunduh dari: http://www.fao.org/docrep/006/y5098e/y5098e02.htm …… 22/12/2012
DAMPAK LINGKUNGAN
AKUAKULTUR
Transgenic salmon (top) can compete with or spread
disease to wild salmon (bottom) when they escape from
fish farms.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Trade-Offs
Aquaculture
Advantages
Highly efficient
High yield in small
volume of water
Increased yields
through crossbreeding and genetic
engineering
Can reduce overharvesting of
conventional fisheries
Little use of fuel
Profit not tied to price
of oil
Disadvantages
Large inputs of land, feed,
And water needed
Produces large and
concentrated outputs of
waste
Destroys mangrove forests
Increased grain production
needed to feed some
species
Fish can be killed by
pesticide runoff from
nearby cropland
Dense populations
vulnerable to disease
High profits
Tanks too contaminated to
use after about 5 years
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Solutions
More Sustainable Aquaculture
• Reduce use of fishmeal as a feed to reduce depletion of
other fish
• Improve pollution management of aquaculture wastes
• Reduce escape of aquaculture species into the wild
• Restrict location of fish farms to reduce loss of
mangrove forests and other threatened areas
• Farm some aquaculture species (such as salmon and
cobia) in deeply submerged cages to protect them from
wave action and predators and allow dilution of wastes
into the ocean
• Set up a system for certifying sustainable forms of
aquaculture
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
PERTANIAN BERKELANJUTAN
Agriculture that can practiced the same way far into the future
Does not deplete soils faster than they form
Does not reduce healthy soil, clean water, and
genetic diversity essential for long-term crop and
livestock production
Low-input agriculture = small amounts of pesticides, fertilizers, water, growth
hormones, fossil fuel energy, etc.
Organic agriculture = no synthetic chemicals used. Instead, biocontrol,
composting, etc.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Components of a Sustainable Soil Management System
Diunduh dari:
http://www.fftc.agnet.org/library.php?func=view&style=&type_id=4&id=20110808172707&print=1 ……
23/12/2012
PERTANIAN
ORGANIK
Small percent of market, but is growing fast
1% of U.S. market, but growing 20%/yr
3–5% of European market, but growing 30%/yr
Organic produce:
Advantages for consumers: healthier; environmentally better
Disadvantages for consumers: less uniform and appealing-looking; more
expensive
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Principles in Organic Farming
Diunduh dari: http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/orgfarm_principles.html …… 23/12/2012
PERTANIAN
ORGANIK
PRINSIP KESEHATAN
Organic Agriculture should sustain and enhance the health of
soil, plant, animal, human and planet as one and indivisible.
This principle points out that the health of individuals and
communities cannot be separated from the health of ecosystems healthy soils produce healthy crops that foster the health of
animals and people.
Health is the wholeness and integrity of living systems. It is not
simply the absence of illness, but the maintenance of physical,
mental, social and ecological well-being. Immunity, resilience
and regeneration are key characteristics of health.
The role of organic agriculture, whether in farming, processing,
distribution, or consumption, is to sustain and enhance the health
of ecosystems and organisms from the smallest in the soil to
human beings. In particular, organic agriculture is intended to
produce high quality, nutritious food that contributes to
preventive health care and well-being.
In view of this it should avoid the use of fertilizers, pesticides,
animal drugs and food additives that may have adverse health
effects.
Diunduh dari: http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/orgfarm_principles.html …… 23/12/2012
PERTANIAN
ORGANIK
PRINSIP EKOLOGI
Organic Agriculture should be based on living ecological systems and
cycles, work with them, emulate them and help sustain them.
This principle roots organic agriculture within living ecological systems.
It states that production is to be based on ecological processes, and
recycling. Nourishment and well-being are achieved through the ecology
of the specific production environment. For example, in the case of
crops this is the living soil; for animals it is the farm ecosystem; for fish
and marine organisms, the aquatic environment.
Organic farming, pastoral and wild harvest systems should fit the cycles
and ecological balances in nature. These cycles are universal but their
operation is site-specific. Organic management must be adapted to local
conditions, ecology, culture and scale. Inputs should be reduced by
reuse, recycling and efficient management of materials and energy in
order to maintain and improve environmental quality and conserve
resources.
Organic agriculture should attain ecological balance through the design
of farming systems, establishment of habitats and maintenance of
genetic and agricultural diversity. Those who produce, process, trade, or
consume organic products should protect and benefit the common
environment including landscapes, climate, habitats, biodiversity, air and
water.
Diunduh dari: http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/orgfarm_principles.html …… 23/12/2012
PERTANIAN
ORGANIK
PRINSIP KEADILAN
Organic Agriculture should build on relationships that ensure fairness
with regard to the common environment and life opportunities.
Fairness is characterized by equity, respect, justice and stewardship of
the shared world, both among people and in their relations to other
living beings.
This principle emphasizes that those involved in organic agriculture
should conduct human relationships in a manner that ensures fairness at
all levels and to all parties - farmers, workers, processors, distributors,
traders and consumers.
Organic agriculture should provide everyone involved with a good
quality of life, and contribute to food sovereignty and reduction of
poverty. It aims to produce a sufficient supply of good quality food and
other products.
This principle insists that animals should be provided with the
conditions and opportunities of life that accord with their physiology,
natural behavior and well-being.
Natural and environmental resources that are used for production and
consumption should be managed in a way that is socially and
ecologically just and should be held in trust for future generations.
Fairness requires systems of production, distribution and trade that are
open and equitable and account for real environmental and social costs.
Diunduh dari: http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/orgfarm_principles.html …… 23/12/2012
PERTANIAN
ORGANIK
PRINCIPLE OF CARE
Organic Agriculture should be managed in a precautionary and
responsible manner to protect the health and well-being of current and
future generations and the environment.
Organic agriculture is a living and dynamic system that responds to
internal and external demands and conditions. Practitioners of organic
agriculture can enhance efficiency and increase productivity, but this
should not be at the risk of jeopardizing health and well-being.
Consequently, new technologies need to be assessed and existing
methods reviewed. Given the incomplete understanding of ecosystems
and agriculture, care must be taken.
This principle states that precaution and responsibility are the key
concerns in management, development and technology choices in
organic agriculture.
Science is necessary to ensure that organic agriculture is healthy, safe
and ecologically sound. However, scientific knowledge alone is not
sufficient. Practical experience, accumulated wisdom and traditional and
indigenous knowledge offer valid solutions, tested by time. Organic
agriculture should prevent significant risks by adopting appropriate
technologies and rejecting unpredictable ones, such as genetic
engineering.
Decisions should reflect the values and needs of all who might be
affected, through transparent and participatory processes.
Diunduh dari: http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/org_farm/orgfarm_principles.html …… 23/12/2012
TANTANGAN PERTANIAN MASA
DEPAN
1.
2.
3.
4.
Chemical pesticides pollute, and kill pollinators, and pests evolve
resistance.
GM crops show promise for social and environmental benefits, but
questions linger about their impacts.
Much of the world’s crop diversity has vanished.
Feedlot agriculture and aquaculture pose benefits and harm for the
environment and human health.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Pesticide Action Network (PAN) is a global network working to eliminate
the human and environmental harm caused by pesticides and to promote
biodiversity based ecological agriculture. We are dedicated to protect the
safety and health of people, and the environment from pesticide use and
genetic engineering.
Diunduh dari: http://www.thefutureoffarming.org/home.html …… 23/12/2012
TANTANGAN PERTANIAN MASA
DEPAN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Organic farming remains a small portion of agriculture.
Human population continues to grow, requiring more food
production.
Soil erosion is a problem worldwide.
Salinization, waterlogging, and other soil degradation problems are
leading to desertification.
Grazing and logging, as well as cropland agriculture, contribute to
soil degradation.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
SUSTAINABLE CROP MANAGEMENT
One of the most significant challenges facing Mankind is the
adequate provision of food from sustainable and profitable
production systems within a context of high energy costs.
Diunduh dari: http://www.adas.co.uk/Home/Sustainablecropmanagement/tabid/245/Default.aspx
…… 23/12/2012
TANTANGAN PERTANIAN
MASA DEPAN
1. Biocontrol and IPM offer alternatives to
pesticides.
2. Further research and experience with
GM crops may eventually resolve
questions about impacts, and allow us to
maximize benefits while minimizing
harm.
3. More funding for seed banks can rebuild
crop diversity.
4. Ways are being developed to make
feedlot agriculture and aquaculture safer
and cleaner.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
SOLUSI PERTANIAN
MASA DEPAN
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Organic farming is popular and growing fast.
Green revolution advances have kept up with food demand so far.
Improved distribution and slowed population growth would help
further.
Farming strategies like no-till farming, contour farming, terracing,
etc., help control erosion.
Government laws, and government extension agents working with
farmers, have helped improve farming practices and control soil
degradation.
Better grazing and logging practices exist that have far less impact
on soils.
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
An Assets-Based Model for
Sustainability
Agricultural systems at all levels rely for their success on
the value of services flowing from the total stock of assets
that they control. Five types of capital, natural, social,
human, physical and financial, are now being addressed in
the literature :
1. Natural capital
2. Social capital
3. Human capital
4. Physical capital
5. Financial capital.
Diunduh dari: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm …… 23/12/2012
AN ASSETS-BASED MODEL
FOR SUSTAINABILITY
1. Natural capital produces nature’s goods and services, and comprises
food (both farmed and harvested or caught from the wild), wood and
fibre; water supply and regulation; treatment, assimilation and
decomposition of wastes; nutrient cycling and fixation; soil formation;
biological control of pests; climate regulation; wildlife habitats; storm
protection and flood control; carbon sequestration; pollination; and
recreation and leisure.
2. Social capital yields a flow of mutually beneficial collective action,
contributing to the cohesiveness of people in their societies. The social
assets comprising social capital include norms, values and attitudes that
predispose people to cooperate; relations of trust, reciprocity and
obligations; and common rules and sanctions mutually-agreed or
handed-down. These are connected and structured in networks and
groups.
3. Human capital is the total capability residing in individuals, based on
their stock of knowledge skills, health and nutrition. It is enhanced by
their access to services that provide these, such as schools, medical
services, and adult training. People’s productivity is increased by their
capacity to interact with productive technologies and with other people.
Leadership and organisational skills are particularly important in making
other resources more valuable.
4. Physical capital is the store of human-made material resources, and
comprises buildings (housing, factories), market infrastructure, irrigation
works, roads and bridges, tools and tractors, communications, and
energy and transportation systems, that make labour more productive.
5. Financial capital is accumulated claims on goods and services, built up
through financial systems that gather savings and issue credit, such as
pensions, remittances, welfare payments, grants and subsidies.
Diunduh dari: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm …… 23/12/2012
AN ASSETS-BASED MODEL
FOR SUSTAINABILITY
The basic premise is that sustainable systems, whether farms, firms,
communities, or economies, accumulate stocks of these five assets, thereby
increasing the per capita endowments of all forms of capital over time. But
unsustainable systems deplete or run down these various forms, spending assets
as if they were income, and so leaving less for future generations.
Diunduh dari: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm …… 23/12/2012
AN ASSETS-BASED MODEL
FOR SUSTAINABILITY
The assets-based model shows how farms and rural livelihoods take
inputs of various types, including renewable assets, and transform these
to produce food and other desirable outputs.
These can be processed for home consumption, transformed through
value-added processes for sale, or sold directly as raw product.
The inputs are shown as:
1. Renewable natural capital – soil, water, air, biodiversity etc;
2. Social and participatory processes – including both locally
embedded and externally-induced social capital, and partnerships
and linkages between external organisations;
3. New technologies, knowledge and skills – both regenerative (eg
legumes, natural enemies) and non-renewable (eg hybrid seeds,
machinery);
4. Non-renewable or fossil-fuel derived inputs (eg fertilizers,
pesticides, antibiotics);
5. Finance – credit, remittances, income from sales and grants.
Availability and access to these five inputs is shaped by a wide range of
contextual factors (on the far left). These include unchanging ones (at
least over the short-term), such as climate, agro-ecology, soils, culture;
and dynamic economic, social, political and legal factors shaped by
external institutions and policies.
These contextual factors are an important entry point for shaping and
influencing agricultural systems (such as national policies, markets,
trade).
Diunduh dari: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm …… 23/12/2012
AN ASSETS-BASED MODEL
FOR SUSTAINABILITY
The Modernisation of Agriculture
The process of agricultural modernisation during the 20th century has produced
three distinct types of agriculture: industrialised, `Green Revolution’, and all that
remains - the pre-modern, `traditional’ or `unimproved'. The first two types have
been able to respond to modern technological packages, producing highly
productive systems of agriculture.
Diunduh dari: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm …… 23/12/2012
AN ASSETS-BASED MODEL
FOR SUSTAINABILITY
Sustainable Agriculture
A more sustainable farming seeks to make the best use of nature’s goods and
services whilst not damaging the environment. It does this by integrating natural
processes such as nutrient cycling, nitrogen fixation, soil regeneration and natural
enemies of pests into food production processes. It also minimises the use of nonrenewable inputs (pesticides and fertilizers) that damage the environment or harm
the health of farmers and consumers. It makes better use of the knowledge and
skills of farmers, so improving their self-reliance. And it seeks to make
productive use of social capital - people’s capacities to work together to solve
common management problems, such as pest, watershed, irrigation, forest and
credit management
Diunduh dari: http://www.essex.ac.uk/ces/research/susag/WhatissusagBa1.shtm …… 23/12/2012
Sustainable Agriculture
Increase
High-yield
polyculture
Decrease
Soil erosion
Soil salinization
Organic fertilizers
Aquifer depletion
Biological pest
control
Integrated pest
management
Irrigation efficiency
Perennial crops
Overgrazing
Overfishing
Loss of
biodiversity
Loss of prime
cropland
Crop rotation
Food waste
Use of more waterefficient crops
Subsidies for unsustainable
farming and fishing
Soil conservation
Population growth
Subsidies for more
sustainable farming
and
fishing
Poverty
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012
Apa yang dapat dilakukan ?
Sustainable Agriculture
Pangan minim limbah
Mengurangi konsumsi daging
Feed pets balanced grain foods instead of
meat
Use organic farming to grow some of your
food
Membeli bahan pangan organik
Komposting limbah makanan
Diunduh dari: www.instruction.greenriver.edu/.../BW_EssentialCh06Lecture.ppt …… 20/12/2012