Fire Triangle
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http://health.byu.edu/employees/osha_fs.html
In order to understand how fire extinguishers work,
you first need to know a little bit about fire.
Four things must be present at the same time in
order to produce fire:
– Enough oxygen to sustain combustion,
– Enough heat to raise the material to its
ignition temperature,
– Some sort of fuel or combustible material, and
The chemical, exothermic reaction that is fire.
Oxygen, heat, and fuel are frequently referred to as
the "fire triangle." Add in the fourth element, the
chemical reaction, and you actually have a fire
"tetrahedron." The important thing to remember is:
take any of these four things away, and you will not
have a fire or the fire will be extinguished.
Essentially, fire extinguishers put out fire by taking
away one or more elements of the fire
triangle/tetrahedron.
Fire safety, at its most basic, is based upon the
principle of keeping fuel sources and ignition
sources separate.
29 CFR 1910.106
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Flammable or Combustible?
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To understand OSHA requirements for the safe storage of flammable and
combustible liquids, we must begin by defining the two. A flammable liquid is any
liquid having a flashpoint below 100° F (37.8° C) (except any mixture having
components with flashpoints of 100° F (37.8° C) or higher, the total of which make up
99 percent or more of the mixture)(1910.106(a)(19)). Flammable liquids are
categorized into three groups, as follows:
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Class IA : Liquids having flashpoints below 73° F (22.8° C) and having boiling points below 100°F (37.8°C) (1910.106(a)(19)(i)). Examples:
Acetaldehyde, ethyl ether and cyclohexane.
Class IB: Liquids having flashpoints below 73° F (22.8° C) and having boiling points at or above 100° F (37.8°C) (1910.106(a)(19)(ii)). Examples:
Acetone, benzene and toluene.
Class IC: Liquids having flashpoints at or above 73° F (22.8° C) and below 100° F (37.8°C) (1910.106(a)(19)(iii)). Examples: Hydrazine, styrene and
turpentine.
A combustible liquid is any liquid having a flashpoint at or above 100° F (37.8° C) (1910.106(a)(18)). Combustible liquids are divided into two classes:
Class II: Liquids having flashpoints at or above 100° F (37.8° C) and below 140° F (60° C), except any mixture having components with flashpoints of
200°F (93.3°C) or higher, the volume of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture (1910.106(a)(18)(i)). Examples: Acetic
acid, naphtha and stoddard solvent.
Class III: Liquids having flashpoints at or above 140°F (60°C) (1910.106(a)(18)(ii)). Class III liquids are subdivided into two subclasses:
Class IIIA: Liquids having flashpoints at or above 140°F (60°C) and below 200°F, except any mixture having components with flashpoints of 200°F
(93.3°C) or higher, the total volume of which make up 99 percent or more of the total volume of the mixture (1910.106(a)(18)(ii)(a)). Examples:
Cyclohexanol, formic acid and nitrobenzene.
Class IIIB: Liquids having flashpoints at or above 200°F (93.3°C) (1910.106(a)(18)(ii)(b)). Examples: Formalin and picric acid.
Per 1910.106(a)(18)(ii)(b) "Class IIIB liquids" shall include those with flashpoints at or above 200°F (93.3°C). This section does not cover Class IIIB
liquids. Where the term "Class III liquids" is used in the section, it shall mean only Class IIIA liquids. (Class IIIB is used in this document for reference
purposes only.)
*Note: When a combustible liquid is heated for use to within 30°F (16.7°C) of its flashpoint, it shall be handled in accordance with the requirements for
the next lower class of liquids (1910.106(a)(18)(iii)).
The flashpoint and boiling point determine the class of a liquid. However, these should not be the only criteria used to determine the hazards of a liquid.
Many other factors should also be considered for the proper use and storage of hazardous liquids. These factors include: ignitions temperature,
explosive limits (LEL or UEL), vapor pressure, specific gravity and vapor density.
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Combustible materials have a flash point above 100° F (37.8° C)
Chemical safety reference books are
located in the stockroom (Salem 110)
and in the Chemistry Department
library (Salem 207) for your use.
Additional safety information is
available on the course web site and
through various chemical web sites.