Site Planning and Layout
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In the design phase of a facility, fire protection
requirements are considered in the site layout
Water supply, traffic and transportation conditions, fire
department access, and building exposures
Water Supply and Use
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Building designer should anticipate the needs of both the
fire department and automatic extinguishing systems
Provide an adequate supply of water at an adequate
residual pressure.
Cities may not be able to supply a sufficient amount of
water at required pressures to every part of the city
May need to be boosted by pumps located on fire
department apparatus or the buildings
Water pressure for high rise buildings
Traffic and Transportation
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Time
Traffic conditions
Access to buildings
Fire Department Access
Exterior accessibility - fire department apparatus from all
sides
Exposure From Other Buildings
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External fire hazards to neighboring structures
Radiation and convection
Factors Influencing Severity of Exposure
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Exposing Fire
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Temperature and duration
Type of construction of exterior walls and roofs
Width of exposing fire
Height of exposing fire
Percent of openings in exposing wall area
Exposed Building
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Type of construction of exterior walls and roofs
Orientation and surface area of exposed exterior walls
Percent of openings in exterior wall area
Protection of openings
Exposure Protection
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Reference on Exposure Protection:
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NFPA 80A, Recommended Practice for Protection of Buildings
from Exterior Fire Exposures
NFPA 80A: Recommended Practice for the Protection
of Buildings from Exterior Fire Exposures
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Provide a reasonable level of protection for combustibles
within and on the exterior of a building exposed to
external building fire
Two major exposure sources:
Exposure to radiation
Radiant energy passing through windows or other
openings
Flames from burning building windows
Flames from the burning façade
Exposure to Flames
Flames from the roof or top a building when the exposed
building is higher than the burning building
Minimum Separation Distances
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Calculated using a number of factors
Width of the exposing fire
Height of the exposing fire
Exposure Severity
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Average combustible load per unit of floor area
Characteristics and average flame spread ratings of
interior wall and ceiling finishes.
Using the larger of the height to width or width to height
ratio of the exposing fire, the exposure severity, and
exposure guide number, the minimum separation distance
can be calculated using table values and multipliers.
Means of Protection
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Various means of protection can be used to adjust the
calculated separation distances downward
Examples of protection measures include:
Use of automatic sprinklers
Use blank walls made of non-combustible construction
Extend exterior walls
Eliminate wall openings
Use glass block panels in openings
Building Electrical Systems
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As part of the building design, consideration must be
taken with regards to electrical systems and equipment
Number of structure fires per year due to electrical
equipment:
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Electrical Distribution Equipment: 40,350
Appliance or Tool: 11,110
Heating Equipment: 5,830
Cooking Equipment: 5,210
Air-Conditioning or Refrigeration Equipment: 3,890
Sources for Fires
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Human Errors That Contribute to Fires
Lack of Maintenance
Improper Use
Carelessness or Oversight
Electrical Arcing
Electrical Heating
Electrical Safeguards
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Grounding
Guarding
Over current Protection
Ground Fault Circuit Interrupters
NEC Hazard Classifications
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Class I: Flammable Gases & Vapors
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Class II: Combustible Dusts
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Division 1
Division 2
Division 1
Division 2
Class III: Ignitable Fibers
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Division 1
Division 2
Hazard Classifications
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How are the hazard classifications used in industry?
How do “explosion proof wiring and electrical
components work?
How would I select electrical equipment that is planned
for use in a hazardous location?
Codes and Standards
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NFPA 70: National Electrical Code
OSHA Standards
State and local electrical safety/building codes
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Chicago Electrical Code
Alaska Electrical Code
ANSI/IEEE: National Electrical Safety Code
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U.S. electrical industry and communications utility field
National Electrical Code Format
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Chapter 1 General
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Chapter 2 Wiring and Protection
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Articles 200 – 299
Chapter 3 Wiring Methods
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Article 100 — Definitions
Article 110 — Requirements for
Electrical Installations
Articles 300 – 399
Chapter 4 Equipment for General
Use
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Articles 400 – 499
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Chapter 5 Special Occupancies
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Chapter 6 Special Equipment
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Articles 700 – 799
Chapter 8 Communications Systems
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Articles 600 – 699
Chapter 7 Special Conditions
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Articles 500 – 599
Articles 800 – 899
Chapter 9 Tables
OSHA Electrical Safety Standards
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1910 Subpart S: Electrical
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1910.301 - Introduction.
1910.302 - Electric
utilization systems.
1910.303 - General.
1910.304 - Wiring design
and protection.
1910.305 - Wiring methods,
components, and
equipment for general use.
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1910.306 - Specific purpose
equipment and installations.
1910.307 - Hazardous
(classified) locations.
1910.308 - Special systems.
1910.399 - Definitions
applicable to this subpart.
Subpart S Appendix A Reference Documents
OSHA Electrical Standards
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1910.302(a) Scope
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OSHA standards under Subpart S cover electrical installations
and utilization equipment installed or used within or on
buildings, structures, and other premises, including:
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Yards;
Carnivals;
Parking and other lots;
Mobile homes;
Recreational vehicles;
Industrial substations;
Conductors that connect the installations to a supply of electricity;
and
Other outside conductors on the premises.
OSHA Electrical Standards
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1910.302(b) Extent of application
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Certain standards apply to certain applications based upon
when they were designed and/or installed
Globally Harmonized System of Classification and
Labeling of Chemicals (GHS)
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Developed by the United Nations, the premise of the
GHS is that existing chemical classification and labeling
systems (such as OSHA’s Hazard Communication
Standard (HCS)) “should be harmonized in order to
develop a single, globally harmonized system to address
classification of chemicals, labels and safety data sheets.”
Covers all hazardous chemical substances, dilute
solutions, and mixtures.
The GHS is not a global law or regulation; it is a system
or a set of recommendations.
Flammable liquids
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Category 1: Extremely flammable liquid and vapour
Category 2: Highly flammable liquid and vapour
Category 3: Flammable liquid and vapour
Category 4: Combustible liquid
OSHA’s Flammable Liquids Definitions
Under GHS
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Flammable liquid means any liquid having a flashpoint at or below 199.4 °F
(93 °C). Flammable liquids are divided into four categories as follows:
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Category 1 shall include liquids having flashpoints below 73.4 °F (23 °C) and
having a boiling point at or below 95 °F (35 °C).
Category 2 shall include liquids having flashpoints below 73.4 °F (23 °C) and
having a boiling point above 95 °F (35 °C).
Category 3 shall include liquids having flashpoints at or above 73.4 °F (23 °C)
and at or below 140 °F (60 °C). When a Category 3 liquid with a flashpoint at or
above 100 °F (37.8 °C) is heated for use to within 30 °F (16.7 °C) of its
flashpoint, it shall be handled in accordance with the requirements for a
Category 3 liquid with a flashpoint below 100 °F (37.8 °C).
Category 4 shall include liquids having flashpoints above 140 °F (60 °C) and at or
below 199.4 °F (93 °C). When a Category 4 flammable liquid is heated for use to
within 30 °F (16.7 °C) of its flashpoint, it shall be handled in accordance with the
requirements for a Category 3 liquid with a flashpoint at or above 100 °F (37.8
°C).
When liquid with a flashpoint greater than 199.4 °F (93 °C) is heated for use to
within 30 °F (16.7 °C) of its flashpoint, it shall be handled in accordance with the
requirements for a Category 4 flammable liquid.
Classification Criteria
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Health and Environmental Hazards
Physical Hazards
Mixtures
Hazard Communication
Labels
Safety Data Sheets
Acute Toxicity
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Skin Corrosion/Irritation
Serious Eye Damage/Eye Irritation
Respiratory or Skin Sensitization
Germ Cell Mutagenicity
Carcinogenicity
Reproductive Toxicity
Target Organ Systemic Toxicity – Single and Repeated
Dose
Hazardous to the Aquatic Environment
Physical Hazards
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Explosives
Flammability – gases, aerosols, liquids, solids
Oxidizers – liquid, solid, gases
Self-Reactive
Pyrophoric – liquids, solids
Self-Heating
Organic Peroxides
Corrosive to Metals
Gases Under Pressure
Water-Activated Flammable Gases