自我介紹
姓名：黃彥賓
求學過程：屏東高中→中山大
學企管系→交通大學運管所
屏東人
興趣：看nba、電影、日劇
指導教授：任維廉 教授
交通大學 運管所 黃彥賓
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CHAPTER 4
THE EXTERNAL EVIORNMENT
報告學生：黃彥賓
任課老師：任維廉 教授
交通大學 運管所 黃彥賓
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The Organization Environment

All the elements that exist outside the
boundary of the organization

Potential to affect all or part of the
organization
◦ Domain is the chosen environmental field of
action
◦ Sectors or subdivisions that contain similar
elements
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An Organization’s Environment
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The Task Environment
Sectors that the organization interacts with
directly to achieve goals
Industry sector
market sector
Raw Materials sector
Human Resources sector
 International Sector
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General Environment
Sectors that might not have a direct impact
on the daily operations of a firm
Government sector
Sociocultural sector
Economic conditions
Technology sector
Financial resources
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International Environment

Can directly affect many organizations

Has grown in importance

Distinction between foreign and domestic
operations

All organizations face domestic and global
uncertainty
Organizations must cope
with and manage
uncertainty to be
effective.
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Dimensions of the Environment

Simple-complex: heterogeneity; the
number of dissimilarity of external
elements

Stable-Unstable: whether elements in
the environment are dynamic
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Framework for Assessing
Environmental Uncertainty
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Adapting to a Changing
Environment

Organizations need the right fit between
internal structure and the external
environment
◦

◦
◦
◦
Adding Positions and Departments
Boundary-spanning roles
Differentiation and Integration
Organic vs. Mechanistic Management Process
Planning, Forecasting, and Responsiveness
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Mechanistic and Organic Forms

Tasks are specialized.

Tasks are rigidly defined.

Strict hierarchy of
authority and control.

Knowledge and control of
tasks are centralized.


Communication is vertical




Employees contribute to
the common task of the
department.
Tasks are adjusted and
redefined through
teamwork.
Less hierarchy of
authority and control.
Knowledge and control
of tasks are located
anywhere in the
organization.
Communication is
horizontal.
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Organizational Departments
Differentiate to Meet Needs of Subenvironments
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Contingency Framework for Uncertainty
and Organizational Responses
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Dependence on External
Resources

means organizations depend on the
environment
◦ Strive to acquire control over resources to
minimize dependence
◦ Organizations are vulnerable if resources are
controlled by other organizations
◦ Minimize vulnerabilities
◦ Will team up with others when resources are
scarce
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Influencing External Resources

Balance linkages and independence

Reach out and change or control
elements in the environment
1. Establish favorable relationships with key
elements of the environment
2. Shape the environment by influencing key
sectors
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Organizing Strategies for Controlling
the External Environment
Establish Formal
Relationships
Acquire ownership stake
Influencing Key Sectors
 Change where you do
business

Joint ventures and
partnerships

Use political activity,
regulation

Lock in key players


Recruit executives
Join in trade
associations

Avoid illegitimate
activities


Tell your story
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Environmental Characteristics and
Organizational Actions
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DISCUSSION

1.Boundary-spanning roles

2.Complex+ staple 的不確定性為何小於
simple+unstable?

3.組織對於不確定性的回應 一定要如課
本所言?
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