Classification
1.
2.
3.
Classification: the grouping of objects or information based on similarities
Taxonomy: is the branch of biology that groups and names organisms based on
studies of their characterisitics
Taxonomists: scientists that study taxonomy
Dichotomous Key
A dichotomous key is used to identify organisms.
It consists of a series of paired statements or questions that describe characteristics
of an organism.
The statement describes the presence or absence of a certain visible characteristics or
structures.
Dichotomous Key
Two Scientist of Classification
Aristotle’s System
Linnaeus’s System
 Greek philosopher who developed the first widely
accepted system
 Swedish botanist who developed a method of
Aristotle classified all organisms into two groups :
plants and animals
Based

grouping organisms that is used today
on the physical and structural similarities.

Binomial Nomenclature: two- word naming system
that identifies species
Animals
a. First word: defines the GENUS = group of
similar species

Plants were divided into 3 groups: herbs, shrubs, and
trees
were grouped based on habitats and physical
difference
b. Second word : defines the SPECIFIC
EPITHET =characteristic of an organism (SPECIES)
Example:
bats fly like birds, they also have hair and produce milk for their young. Therefore, bats
are classified as mammals rather than birds.

Example: birds, bats, and flying insects are classified together even though they have little in common

Example: the species name for humans is homo
sapiens
Scientific and Common Names
1.
2.
Scientific names give information about the relationship and classification of
organisms
Latin is the language of scientific names.
Evolutionary Relationship
1.
a.
b.
c.
d.
Scientist use different factors to determine relationship between
organisms
External and internal structures
Breeding behaviors (how they mate)
Geographical distributions
Genetic makeup
Taxa
Organisms are ranked in taxa ranging from diverse characteristics to
specific ones. The broader a taxon, the more general its characteristics,
and more species it contains
Taxa : smallest to largest
- species
- genesis
- family
- order
- class
- phylum
- kingdom
- domain
Taxa
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Includes
organisms that
are different but
share important
characteristics.
The following
organisms may
be different in
species, but
share a nerve
cord along the
back
Ex. Mammalia
is grouped with
(birds /class
Aves,
reptiles/class
reptilia,
amphibians/
class Amphibia,
fish/ Chordata)
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
SPECIES = group of organisms that can interbreed and produce fertile offspring
GENUS = group of similar species ( first word in the binomial nomenclature)
FAMILY = group of similar genus
ORDER= group of similar family
CLASS = group of similar order
PHYLUM = group of similar class
KINGDOM = group of similar phylum
DOMAIN = contains one or more kingdoms
Don King Punched Ciara Out For Getting Scared
Example: bobcat
Species = Lynx rufus
Genus = Lynx
Family = Felidae
Order = Carnivora
Class = Mammalia
Phylum = Chordata
Kingdom = Anamalia
Domain = Eukarya
Lynx
Lynx canadensis
Lynx
Felidae
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chrodata
Anamalia
Eukarya
Classification models
1.
Phylogeny = shows evolutionary history of species
Example: how apes are “ ancestors ” of the humans
2. Cladistics = classification based on phylogeny (evolutionary relationship between
species)
-
The idea is that organisms diverge and evolve from a common ancestral group
They retain some unique inherited characteristics, called derived traits
-
These derived traits are used to make a model called a cladgram
-
Kingdom
Example
Cellular
Type of Cell
Autotrophic
Monera
Eubacteria
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Heterotroph
Protista
Ameba
Unicellular
Algae
Plant-like structures
Eukaryoitic
Heterotroph &
Autotroph
Fungi
Mushrooms
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Heterotroph
Plants
Ferns
Conifers
Flowering plants
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Autoroph
Animals
Mammals
Multicellular
Eukaryotic
Heterotroph
Monera
Archaebacteria
Unicellular
Prokaryotic
Photosynthetic
bacteria
Autotroph
Streptococcus
Cyanobacteria
Eubacteria
Eubacteria
Also 'prokaryotic', they are also called 'true bacteria'.
They cannot survive in extreme conditions, unlike
Archaebacteria.
Both helpful and harmful species exist within this
kingdom.
Cyanobacteria
Aquatic and photosynthetic.
Spirochetes
Includes those responsible for
syphilis and Lyme disease.
Gram-positive
Misnomer - not all are gram
positive. Includes bacteria that
produce yogurt, strep throat,
and several antibiotics.
Proteobacteria
Large and diverse group that
includes bacteria that cause
salmonella and H. pylori
problems.
Eubacteria



Spherical (coccus/cocci)
Example: Streptococcus, the
bacterium that causes strep
throat
Rod-Shaped (bacillus/bacilli)
Example: Bacillus anthracis,
the bacterium that causes
anthrax
Spiral-Shaped
(spirillum/spirilla)
Example: Spirillum minus, the
bacterium that causes a form
of rat-bite fever
Protista
Protista
Protists are structurally diverse and eukaryotic (cells
contain a nucleus).
This kingdom is neither animal or plant.
Algal or Plant-Like
Euglenophyta
Chrysophyta
Pyrrophyta
Chlorophyta
Rhodophyta
Phaeophyta
Fungus-Like
Myxomycetes
Oomycota
Protozoa or Animal-Like
Ciliophora
Mastigophora
Sarcodina
Sporozoa
Fungi
Fungi
•Fungi usually live in symbiosis with other organisms,
often recycling dead matter and providing nutrients.
•Food is digested outside the body.
•reproduction occurs through the release of spores from
its fruit (mushroom).
Ascomycota
Sac Fungi
Basidiomycota
Club Fungi
Deuteromycota
Imperfect Fungi
Mycophycophyta
Lichens
Zygomycota
Conjugation Fungi
Plants
Plants
Members of Kingdom Plantae share the following characteristics:
•multicellular.
• cell walls are composed of cellulose.
•photosynthesis.
•no organs which allow movement.
•reproduce both sexually and asexually
•no central nervous system.
Animals
Arthropods
Animals
Chordata
Animal
Amphibians
Archaebacteria
Archaebacteria
•Single cell organisms where the cells are 'prokaryotic' or do not have a nucleus
(i.e., a body that contains genetic material).
• Some can live in a variety of environments including high temperatures,
extreme pressure, and a range of pH levels.
•They are non-pathogenic.
•Reproduction through binary fission.
•Cannot survive in oxygen.
Halophiles
present in fermented salty foods
Thermoacidophiles
thrive in hot springs (sulphur,
high temp, acidic pH)
Methanogens
present as the methane
produced during flatulence
SIX KINGDOMS
Pg 454-459
Complete a Foldable Assignment:
Include each kingdom
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protists
Fungi
Plants
Animals
Include:
Multi or unicellular
Habitat
Types (2-5)
Characteristics
Movement
Autotroph or heterotroph