Cultural Exchanges
• OGT Benchmark:
Analyze the way that contacts between people
of different cultures result in exchanges of
cultural practices.
• World History
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Globalization
The Environment
Collective Security
Popular Culture
Political Systems
Religion
• United States
– Immigration After the Civil War
• To meet the requirements of this benchmark, you must
be able to analyze cultural exchanges. Cultural diffusion
is the spread or sharing of ideas among cultures.
Anytime someone comes in contact with another culture,
the potential for cultural exchange exists. Since
advances in communications or transportation increase
contact among people of different cultures, they speed
up cultural exchange.
• Your daily life gives you many first-hand experiences of
cultural diffusion. Mealtime is a good example of this.
Think about your favorite food. Is it lasagna?
Enchiladas? Stir fry? Or could it be sauerkraut with
sausages? Many all-American foods, such as hotdogs,
hamburgers, fries,and pizza, have been “borrowed” from
foreign cuisines. You can probably think of other
examples of cultural diffusion in your daily life.
• You also need to understand globalization, a term that
has been in use since around 1980. Different people
have different meanings for the term, but in general,
globalization refers to the growing interdependence of
the world, economically, culturally, and politically.
I. Globalization
the growing interdependence of the world,
economically, culturally, and politically.
• A. We live in a global society
– 1. Business not contained to own country
– 2. Examples:
• Company HQ in Cleveland has a factory in Mexico and an
office in Japan
• Japanese auto company has assembly plants in Ohio
• Call for customer service for an American company and
someone in India takes the call.
• American fast-food companies can be found in Paris,
Moscow, etc.
• Business decision made in London can affect wages and
prices here in Ohio.
What kind of cars
are currently in your
garage?
If you could have
any car you want,
what would it be?
List your 3 favorite
foods:
Get with someone who
sits close to you. Look
at the tags on their
shirts and shoes.
Where were these
items made?
Others:
2009: Swine Flu
2010: Unrest in Libya
3. Look at tags
a. “Made in China”, “Mexico”, or “Sri Lanka”
4. How is globalization possible?
a. better communications
-Computers
-Internet
-FAX
-telephones/cell phones
b. better transportation
-airplanes
c. better banking systems
-electronic banking
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B. Cooperation and Conflict
 Globalization can be positive or negative
 Positive: opportunities for peace and cooperation
 Negative: can lead to conflict
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1. Globalization as a Negative Force
a. gap between rich and poor widening
b. poor areas: Africa, Asia, and Latin America
--poverty
--undeveloped
--not enough food, shelter, etc.
c. developed countries
--Europe, N. America
--plenty of food, shelter, etc.
2. Outsourcing
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•
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a. U.S. workers hurt by this
b. jobs go to other countries
c. lower wages
d. loss of jobs for Americans
e. Ex: an English-speaking and welleducated person from India can talk on the
phone and solve problems as well as
someone from the U.S., but will be paid
much less
3. Threat to National Cultures
• a. Reasons
– satellite TV
– international media networks
– international travel
• b. U.S. and Western Europe
culture tends to take over
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4. Threat to Environment
• a. multinational companies disregard
environment to make a profit
• b. these companies set up in countries
with lax environmental laws
• c. this all leads to increased pollution
and perhaps global warming
Global Warming 4:17
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5. Globalization as a Positive Force
• a. it has raised the standard of
living
• b. better medical care
• c. higher life expectancy
• d. better access to education
• e. leads to economic growth
• f. social stability
II. The Environment
• globalization can damage the
environment
• smoke from factories = pollution
• pollution = damage to ecosystems
Humans and the Environment 5:47
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A. Invasive Species
• 1. invasive species move from one
country to another
• 2. they crowd out and destroy
native species
• 3. move across national
boundaries w/out detection
• 4. customs agents try to prevent-not always successful
Examples of Invasive Species
Example #1: The case of the Powderpost Beetles
Bob Miller recently retired. As a retirement gift, he
received a clock as a gift. That clock was made in
China. Little did he know of what else was in the
clock----powederpost beetles! They chew wood (like
termites). Adult beetles had made small holes in the
wood (before it became a clock) and laid eggs.
When they hatch, they begin to eat the wood and
can be very destructive.
Powderpost Beetle
Example #2: The case of
the Emerald Ash Borer
• Found in Ohio from May to July, they can
travel up to one-half mile. It drills into the
wood of the ash, leaving tunnels under the
bark and small D-shaped exit holes. The top
1/3 of the tree begins to die back, and the
bark begins to split vertically. Finally, the
entire tree dies. The Emerald Ash Borer came
from Asia, probably in infested wood crates.
• One of the tourist attractions in some parts of
Ohio are the beautiful ash trees in the fall.
So, this borer is a major threat to tourism.
• Nearly impossible to keep the borer from
coming into the U.S.
Invasive Species 20:13
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Invasion of the Asian Carp
Asian Carp video part 2 (6 min)
Asian Carp vidio Part 1 (7 min)
Short Answer
• How are invasive foreign plants
and insects connected to
globalization?
III. Collective Security
• collective security: many
governments join together to
enforce mutually accepted rules
for international behavior
• major goal: peace
A. NATO
• 1. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
formed in 1949
multinational power structure
has permanent headquarters
has established military chain of command
peacekeeping and security
Examples
• 1992: put sanctions on Yugoslavia to stop gov.
supported ethnic fighting
• created no fly zone over Bosnia in 1990’s
• ordered air strikes on Bosnian cities
• these police powers proved to be successful!
B. CIS
• 1. Commonwealth of Independent States
– a. less successful
– b. created in 1991-92
– c. 12 former SU
• Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan,
Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan,
Ukraine, and Uzbekistan
– d. peacekeeping troops almost all Russian
– e. Russia likes being “big brother.”
– f. CIS will never have collective security until Russia
stops thinking this way
C. UN
• 1. United Nations
– a. created after WWII
– b. UN troops have had success
– c. UN has not been able to help
everywhere
– d. world peace still not achieved
Short Answer
• How does the United Nations
illustrate the concept of collective
security?
IV. Popular Culture
Popular culture = refers to aspects
driven by mass media
Examples: TV, movies, books
Globalization = potential for cultural
exchange or borrowing
Example: Internet
IV. Popular Culture
Popular culture = refers to aspects
driven by mass media
Examples: TV, movies, books
Globalization = potential for
cultural exchange or borrowing
Example: Internet
Pop Culture
• Michael Jackson in Japan (4:17)
• McDonald's commercial in India (:35)
• Nintendo commercials (4:50)
• Wheel of Fortune in Australia
(8:15)
Foreign NBA Players (1:31)
• Yu Gi Oh The Movie Part 1 (9:57)
• 1960s and 1970s Pop Culture
• Pop Culture of the 1980's
A. Cultural Exchange in
the Past
• 1. sharing ideas--been going on
forever
• 2. Examples
– weapons, ideas about gov, languages,
food, forms of entertainment
• 3. traders and soldiers traveling to
other lands = culture exchanges
Example: Columbian Exchange
• 1. 16th century food exchange
• 2. Christopher Columbus and other explorers
• 3. foods brought to US from Europe, Asia, and
Africa: bananas, grapes, citrus, peaches,
pears, coffee, wheat, rice, cattle, pigs, and
onions
• 4. foods that went from US to other parts of
world: turkey, corn, tomatoes, beans, squash,
potatoes, sweet potatoes, peanuts, cocoa,
vanilla, avocados, and chili peppers
B. Cultural Exchange Today
– 1. today, more rapid exchanges
– 2. Internet, cable TV, ease of travel
– 3. Examples
• a. person in Canton calls someone in
India for computer help
• b. people in Ohio turn on TV and watch a
soccer game being played in Mexico
• c. go to Belden Village area and see all
of the ethnic restaurants: Chinese,
Italian, etc.
4. Spread of American Culture
a. some worry US culture is taking over
the world
b. English--language of Internet and
business
c. American movies, music, fashions,
sports and food are dominant
d. “McDonaldism”
• e. will this lead to a one culture world?
f. probably not
--US influenced by world
--Latin American music
--German autos
Short Answer
• What does McDonald’s have to do
with globalization?
V. Political Systems
• Past: each nation chose political
system
• Today: econ. and social
globalization result in globalization
of politics
Voluntary Political-Integration Organizations
• A. European Union
– 1. 1950’s: Netherlands, Belgium,
Germany, Finland, France, Italy,
Luxembourg
– 2. 1973-1995: Austria, Denmark, Greece,
Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, and the
UK joined
– 3. By 2004, called the EU
– 4. 2004: 10 more nations joined
– 5. Concerns
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
trade with each other
jobs
environment
security
human rights
6. Success
a.
b.
c.
d.
new monetary unit (Euro)
few barriers to trade
standard of living increase
political positions of Europe strengthened
B. Association of Southeast Asian Nations
(ASEAN)
• 1. 1967: Indonesia, Malaysia, the
Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand
• 2. promote econ. growth, social
progress, political stability, and peace
• 3. Later: Brunei, Cambodia, Laos,
Myanmar, and Vietnam
• 4. 500 million live in ASEAN nations
• 5. US trades $700 billion
C. African Union
• 1. Est. in 1999
• 2. promote social and economic
growth
• 3. not as much success as the EU
• 4. it will continue to grow in size
and strength
D. Trade Organizations in
the Western Hemisphere
• 1. NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement)
– a. US, Canada, and Mexico
– b. no econ barriers
– c. inc. trade
• 2. CAFTA (Central American Free Trade Agreement)
– a. Proposed!
– b. Costa Rica, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua,
maybe Dominican Republic
• 3. Mercosur (“Southern Common Market”)
– a. Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay (associate
members: Bolivia and Chile)
– b. similar to NAFTA and CAFTA
Intergovernmental
Organizations
• 3 with great financial and political
power
• they are not governments
• they influence gov. decisions
• A. World Bank (located in Washington,
D.C.)
– 1. gives loans to governments
– 2. Ex: country that wants to build a dam
gets loan from World Bank
– 3. Strings attached!!!
• a. gov. may have to change a policy
• b. Ex: above, country would have to privatize
distribution of water once the dam is built
B. International Monetary Fund
• 1. located in Washington, D.C.
• 2. makes loans to governments
• 3. purpose is different
– a. stabilize currency (money systems)
– b. maintains world markets
– c. STRINGS ATTACHED!!!!
C. World Trade Organization (WTO)
• 1. 145 nations belong
• 2. meetings every 2 years
• 3. Purpose
– a. lower tariffs
– b. eliminated barriers to free trade
• 4. Critics: rich nations favored
Group of Eleven (G11)
• 1. 11 richest nations meet 1/year
• 2. Canada, France, Germany, Great
Britain, Italy, Japan, and the US
• 3. 1994: Russia enters
• 4. no set agenda
• 5. discuss anything important
• 6. decisions made impact the world
Nongovernmental
Organizations
• international interest groups
• most are nonprofit, voluntary, and
private
• Examples
– Greenpeace
– International Committee for the Red Cross
• deal with quality-of-life issues
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health
hunger
poverty
the environment
human rights
Short Answer
• What does the World Trade
Organization have to do with
globalization?
VI. Religion
•
•
Missionaries spread religion
teach religion globally
A. Spread of Religion
Through International Trade
• 1. traders have spread religion
• 2. Historical Example: Silk Road
– a. silk trade developed between
China and the Roman Empire
– b. Indians, Persians, Greeks, and
nomads of Central Asia also used this
trade route
– c. religions of all these people were
spread
3. Spread of Religion in
Modern Times
• a. modern tech helps spread of
religions
– Internet
– transportation (jets, etc.)
– radio and TV
Short Answer
• How has the Internet helped
globalize religion.
1. Multiple Choice
• (Blue Book) The rapidly growing
interdependence of the world’s
economies is known as
• A. diffusion
• B. McDonaldilization
• C. globalization
• D. integration
2. Multiple Choice
• (Blue Book) Which one of the following
nations is not a member of the G7/G8?
• A. Spain
• B. France
• C. Japan
• D. Italy
3. Multiple Choice
• (Blue Book) What organization makes
loans to support development projects
in various countries of the world?
• A. World Trade Organization (WTO)
• B. World Bank
• C. International Monetary Fund (IMF)
• D. North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(NATO)
4. Multiple Choice
• (Blue Book) NAFTA is a trade
agreement the United States made with
• A. Canada and Mexico
• B. Western European nations
• C. Latin America
• D. India and China
5. Multiple Choice
• (Blue Book) The term “outsourcing” refers to
• A. U.S. efforts to create more jobs than our
competitors.
• B. exploiting natural resources for industry
• C. cooperative global efforts to preserve the
environment
• D. the practice of exporting jobs from
developed countries to less-developed
countries usually done in order to save
money
6. Multiple Choice
• (Blue Book) The process of
globalization is more rapid when
• A. transportation and communication
systems are improved
• B. governments pass tariffs
• C. the number of NGO’s stay steady
• D. governments tighten security
7. Multiple Choice
• (Blue Book) What effect have some foreign
insects and animals like the emerald leaf
borer and the zebra mollusk had on new
countries in which they settled?
• A. They increased the new countries’
standard of living.
• B. They improved air and water quality.
• C. They caused damage to their new
environment.
• D. They had no effect.
8. Multiple Choice
• (Blue Book) The Columbian Exchange refers
to
• A. a program of the World Bank
• B. efforts by the International monetary fund
to strengthen the economies of poor nations
• C. the trading of foods, plants, and animals
between the Old and New worlds in the
century after the explorations of Christopher
Columbus
• D. environmental hazards resulting from
heavy industries in Europe and North
America
9. Multiple Choice
• (Blue Book) If you were shopping in an
EU country, what would be the best
money to have in your pocket?
• A. the German mark
• B. the French franc
• C. the euro
• D. the dollar
10. Multiple Choice
• (2005 OGT Test) The European Union’s
objectives include reducing tariffs, promoting
a single market, and creating a common
currency. Based on these objectives, what
type of world region does the European
Union primarily represent?
• A. cultural
• B. physical
• C. political
• D. economic
11. Multiple Choice
• (2006 OGT Test) Some Internet search engines
•
•
•
•
offer the ability to automatically translate Web
pages that are written in languages other
than English. One effect of this feature is to
A. reduce the desire for international
trade.
B. reduce the need for modern computer
technology.
C. increase the need for instruction in
foreign languages.
D. increase opportunities for exchanges
of cultural practices.
12. Multiple Choice
• (2007 OGT Test) The North American Free Trade
Agreement (NAFTA) is a treaty designed to remove
tariffs and other trade barriers between Canada,
Mexico and the United States. This helped establish
an economic region among those nations because
• A. participants enlarged their dependence on
domestic markets.
• B. participants terminated trade relationships
with other regions.
• C. participants imposed tariffs on goods
imported from other countries.
• D. trade among participants increased, making
their economies more interdependent.
13. Multiple Choice
• (Orange Book) Which of the following is NOT
an example of international efforts to achieve
collective security?
• A. United Nations
• B. Ohio National Guard
• C. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
• D. League of Nations
14. Multiple Choice
• (Orange Book) Which of the following is an example
of an exchange of cultural practices?
• A. Americans eating hamburgers in fast food
restaurants.
• B. The popularity of jazz music in the United States
during the 20th century.
• C. Chinese acupuncture becoming popular in the
United States
• D. Americans playing board games such as
Monopoly
Short Answer
• (2005 OGT Test) Satellite-based
communication systems allow people to
communicate more easily. This
increases the interdependence of
nations around the world. Describe how
another advance in global
communications or transportation
contributes to the exchange of cultural
practices. (2 points)
Extended Response
• (Orange Book) Analyze two different
examples of cultural exchanges.
Describe the nature of the exchange
and how cultural practices were
assimilated by the other culture.
Cultural Exchanges-United States
• OGT Benchmark:
Analyze the way that contacts
between people of different
cultures result in exchanges of
cultural practices.
• This benchmark focuses on the effects
of immigration in the United States, and
specifically on housing patterns,
politics, the educations system, and
language. Questions on the OGT
related to this benchmark will address
only the effects of immigration, not the
causes or patterns of immigration to the
United States. The effects will be
restricted to the areas listed above.
I. Immigration after the
Civil War
• immigrants looking for work in factories
• prior to Civil War: Western and
Northern Europe (England, Ireland,
Germany)
• after Civil War: Southern and Eastern
Europe (Italy, Poland, Russia, Greece)
• early 1900’s: increase from China and
Japan
• 1880-1900: 9 million immigrants
• 1900-1914: 14 million immigrants
A. Difficulties Encountered by
New Immigrants
• 1. “New” immigrants
– a. religious differences (Roman
Catholic or Jewish)
– b. language differences
– c. lived in same neighborhoods
Short Answer
• What was “new” about
immigration in the late 1800’s and
early 1900’s?
• 2. Problems in Cities
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–
–
–
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a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
overcrowding
housing and sanitation
tenements
no sewers or garbage pickup
disease spread
high crime
did not speak English
lived in same neighborhoods
• kept old customs
• celebrated old holidays
Getting out of the Slums: 3:39
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• 3. Backlash Against Immigrants
– a.
– b.
– c.
– d.
fear and prejudice
competition for jobs
willing to work for less
religious prejudice
Short Answer
• What kinds of problems did the
“new” immigrants face upon
arrival in the United States?
B. The Effect of
Immigration on Politics
• 1. city gov. had to increase
– a. take care of new problems: housing,
sanitation, education, health, and
transportation
• 2. political machines grew
– a. organization that controls an urban
political party
– b. immigrants seen as source for votes
– c. gave jobs in exchange for votes
– d. usually corrupt
Short Answer
• How did urban political machines
take advantage of immigrants?
C. Effect of Immigration
on Education
• 1965: more immigrants allowed
• 70’s, 80’s, and 90’s: Soviet Union,
China, Cuba, and Southeast Asians
enter US
• Education of Immigrants
– a. enrollments increased, esp. in cities
– b. overcrowding
– c. language different
– d. $$$ spent for teachers who speak
their languages
Short Answer
• How has immigration put strains
on the educational system of the
United States?
D. Effect of Immigration
on Language
• many words come from other
languages
• 2000: 47 million speak something
other than English
• half = Spanish
• others: Chinese, Korean, French,
German, Italian, Russian, and
Vietnamese
• all add to vocabulary
• 1. Faster Assimilation
– a. 1800’s: immigrants never
became good at English
– b. today, learning quicker
• language programs
• television
• Internet
• 2. Loan Words
– a. English has borrowed many words
– b. CULTURAL EXCHANGE!!!!
– c. Spanish: alligator, bronco, cafeteria,
cigar, cigarette, guerrilla, mustang, patio,
tornado
– d. Native American: bayou, chipmunk,
hickory, hominy, igloo, kayak, moccasin,
moose, opossum, pecan, squash, tepee,
toboggan, tomahawk
Short Answer
• What is an example of cultural
exchange in the use of language in
the United States?
Immigration Summary
• US shaped by cultural exchange
from beginning
• began with settlers and Native
American contact
• US always been a country of
immigrants
• American culture enriched by all
the dif. groups
1. OGT Multiple Choice
• _____ (OGT Test, 2005) Consider the following changes
that occurred in the United States in the late 19th
century:
• improvements in agricultural production
• increases in immigration from Europe
• advancements in networks of railroad and streetcar
lines
•
•
•
•
•
These changes led to the
A. rapid growth of urban areas.
B. acquisition of overseas territories.
C. elimination of large suburbs around many cities.
D. movement of people from the urban to the rural
areas.
2. OGT Multiple Choice
• _____ (OGT Test, 2005) Use the following cartoon to
•
•
•
•
answer question 41. The above cartoon appeared in
Indian Country Today, a Native American newspaper.
This cartoon reflects the perspective that Native
American cultures existed in North America before the
arrival of Europeans. This perspective has inspired
Native American groups to
A. abandon native languages.
B. celebrate Native American culture.
C. abandon traditional fishing and hunting
methods.
D. avoid serving in the armed forces of the United
States.
3. OGT Multiple Choice
• _____ (OGT Test, 2006) In the 19th century, many
Americans considered Native Americans inferior to
people of European ancestry. This resulted in
discrimination and conflict between European settlers
and Native Americans. One consequence of this
discrimination was that many Native Americans were
•
•
•
•
A. displaced from their homelands.
B. forced to maintain their cultural heritage.
C. prevented from trading with European settlers.
D. persecuted for killing buffalo on the Great
Plains.
4. OGT Multiple Choice
•
______ (OGT Test, 2007) Religious diversity in the
•
•
•
•
United States has increased in the last fifty
years. One factor that has contributed to this
increase has been an increase in
A. emigration to Africa.
B. immigration from Asia.
C. immigration from Australia.
D. emigration to South America.
5. OGT Multiple Choice
• _____ (Practice Test Booklet, 2005) The
consequences of urbanization often include all
of the following EXCEPT
• A. increased pollution of air and water
• B. more people living in crowded conditions
• C. more jobs in factories and businesses
• D. more people farming
6. OGT Multiple Choice
• _____ (Practice Test Booklet, 2005) Which of
the following statements best reflects housing
patterns for immigrants long after their arrival to
the United States?
• A. They tended to return home to Europe
• B. They tended to slowly assimilate
• C. They tended to spread out quickly into many
different communities
• D. They tended to leave the United States
soon after arriving
7. OGT Multiple Choice
•
•
•
•
•
_____ (2005 Practice Test) In the late 19th and
early 20th centuries, many immigrants who came to
the United States did not speak English as their
native language. One way this resulted in the
exchange of cultural practices was that
A. most people were able to speak several
languages fluently
B. people from other countries tended to remain
culturally isolated
C. people without knowledge of English were not
allowed to immigrate
D. words from other languages entered into the
mainstream vocabulary
8. OGT Multiple Choice
• _____ (Orange Book, 2005) Which of the following
best explains the impact immigration has had on
the American diet?
• A. Fast food restaurants have sprung up all over
the United States
• B. Americans eat the same food almost everyday
• C. There are very few choices of different ethnic
foods in restaurants
• D. There is great variety of types of restaurants
serving ethnic foods
9. OGT Multiple Choice
• _____ (Orange Book, 2005) Immigration impacts
language in the United States because it
• A. causes the official language to change with
each new immigrant culture
• B. infuses new words into the language
• C. results in English speaking people resisting
new words
• D. maintains the current language without change
10. OGT Multiple Choice
• _____ (Orange Book) Which of the following best
reflects housing patterns for immigrants soon after
their arrival to the United States
• A. They tended to assimilate quickly into the
existing communities
• B. They tended to congregate into their own
communities
• C. They tended to spread out quickly into many
different communities
• D. They tended to leave the United States soon
after arriving
11. OGT Multiple Choice
• _____ (Mastering the OGT Test) What evidence shows that
a nation’s culture may extend far beyond its
territorial boundaries?
• A. The same language is often spoken in different
countries.
• B. Neighboring countries often have different
religions.
• C. Independent nations often have their own
currency (money system).
• D. Countries near each other are often historic
enemies.
OGT Short Answer (2 pts)
• People from the countries of Scandinavia,
Finland, Denmark, Norway and Sweden
immigrated to the United States mainly between
the Civil War and World War I. In general, they
settled in the American Midwest. Their reasons for
leaving their homelands included overpopulation,
poor farm production and dissatisfaction with their
governments. Based on your knowledge of
immigration patterns to the United States, identify
two factors that attracted immigrants such as
these to the United States.(2 points)
THE END
• This concludes our unit on Cultural
Exchanges. Next, we will begin
studying Geography, specifically
Regions Over Time.