Unit 1
Topic: Industrialization and Progressivism (1877-1920)
Ignited by post-Civil War demand and fueled by
technological advancements, large-scale industrialization
began in the United States during the late 1800s.
Growing industries enticed foreign immigration, fostered
urbanization, gave rise to the American labor movement
and developed the infrastructure that facilitated the
settling of the West. A period of progressive reform
emerged in response to political corruption and practices
of big business.
Chapter 3: Urbanization and
Immigration
Content Statement: Immigration, internal
migration and urbanization transformed
American life.
Expectations For Learning: Explain the major
social and economic effects of industrialization
and the influence of the growth of organized
labor following Reconstruction in the United
States.
Section 1: Immigration
Content Elaboration: Mass immigration at the
turn of the 20th century made the country more
diverse and transformed American life by filling a
demand for workers, diffusing new traits into the
American culture and impacting the growth of
cities.
U.S. Immigration, 1861-1930
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1861- 1871- 1881- 1891- 1901- 1911- 19211870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930
Immigration After the Civil War
• In years after Civil War, people came pouring into
the US looking for new opportunities.
• “Old Immigrants” Prior to Civil War: W and N
Europe (England, Ireland, Germany, Scandinavia
• “New Immigrants” 1880’s: S and E Europe (Italy,
Poland, Russia, Grease, Turkey)
• Early 1900’s: started to come from Asia (Japan,
China) and Mexico
• 1880-1900: 9 million total immigrants
• 1900-1914: 14 million
Problems in the Cities
1. Most had been farmers, now lived and
worked in cities
2. did not speak English
3. lived together
4. hung on to customs, holidays, etc.
Backlash Against Immigrants
• 1. Old immigrants were prejudice against the
new immigrants
• 2. competitors to jobs
• 3. new immigrants willing to work for less
• 4. American Protective Association: wanted
Congress to restrict immigration
• 5. Chinese Exclusion Act: Chinese
immigration stopped for over 10 years
Affect of Immigration on American
Society
• New religions
• New words ‘infused’ into our English
language—called “loan words”
• New and different foods
The Effect of Immigration on Politics
• 1. More people in cities = more politicians needed
• 2. Political machines--organizations that controls an
urban political party
• 3. Politicians used immigrants
– a. did favors for votes
– b. gave jobs for votes
– c. immigrants didn’t understand politics--so they would
vote for anybody who gave them a job
OGT Short Answer
• Why did many immigrants cluster together
with other people from their nation of origin
in American cities? (2 pts)
OGT Short Answer
• What were some of the most severe problems
faced by immigrants when they arrived in the
US? (2 pts)
OGT Short Answer
• Why did immigrants often cooperate with
urban political machines? (2 pts)
OGT Short Answer
• What is an example of a cultural exchange
that resulted from immigration to the US? (2
pts)
OGT Multiple Choice
• _____ (2005 Practice Test) In the late 19th and
early 20th centuries, many immigrants who came
to the United States did not speak English as their
native language. One way this resulted in the
exchange of cultural practices was that
• A. words from other languages entered into the
mainstream vocabulary
• B. people from other countries tended to remain
culturally isolated
• C. people without knowledge of English were not
allowed to immigrate
• D. most people were able to speak several
languages fluently
OGT Multiple Choice
• _____ (Practice Test Booklet, 2005)
Which of the following best explains the
impact immigration has had on the
American diet?
• A. Fast food restaurants have sprung up
all over the United States
• B. There is great variety of types of
restaurants serving ethnic foods
• C. There are very few choices of different
ethnic foods in restaurants
• D. Americans eat the same food almost
everyday
OGT Multiple Choice
• _____ (Practice Test Booklet, 2005)
Immigration impacts language in the
United States because it
• A. causes the official language to change
with each new immigrant culture
• B. results in English speaking people
resisting new words
• C. infuses new words into the language
• D. maintains the current language
without change
Section 2: Farmers Move to the
Cities and The Great Migration
Content Elaboration: Many people left their farms
for the cities seeking greater job opportunities. The
Great Migration marked the mass movement of
African Americans who fled the rural South for the
urban North. They sought to escape prejudice and
discrimination and secure better-paying jobs. They
helped transform northern cities economically (e.g.,
as workers and consumers) and culturally (e.g., art,
music, literature)
Farmers Move to the City
• Review: Not as many farmers were needed
due to the increase in technology, so many
moved into the cities in order to get a factory
job.
The Great Migration
• Many African-Americans began to move to the
cities of the North for
– A. Better jobs
– B. Avoid the racism that existed in the South
Impact on Economics
• All of these new people moving into the cities
helped the local economy—more people
making and buying products!
Impact on Culture
• All of these new people helped to diversify the
cities
– A. Art
– B. Music
– C. Literature
Example: Harlem Renaissance
• a. An area in New York City called
Harlem.
• b. In Harlem, many African-Americans
became great writers, poets, musicians,
entertainers, and scholars.
Section 3: Urbanization
Content Elaboration: Urbanization transformed
the physical nature of cities. Central cities
focused on industry and commerce. Buildings
became taller and tenement buildings provided
housing for working families. Cities acquired
additional land as they expanded outward.
The Growth of Cities
1900: 40% lived in urban areas
1915: 50%
1920: over 50% in cities (1st time ever!)
Where did they come from?
1. immigrants
2. the farms
3. African-Americans from the south (Jim Crow
laws)
Urban Problems
• 1. Tenement houses
•
a. Hold as many families as possible
•
b. Poor immigrants lived there
•
c. Bad conditions
2. Dirt, disease, and crime
•
a. Bad plumbing: flies and germs
•
b. No bathtubs with running water
•
c. Tuberculosis and other diseases were
common
•
Physical Natures of Cities Changed
• Development of steel allowed for the building
of skyscrapers
• Cities had to expand to hold everyone
• Cities needed more services:
– Police
– Water and Sewer
– Garbage
– Schools
OGT Multiple Choice
• (Base Test March 2005) In the late 19th and early
20th centuries, improvements in steel technology
allowed architects to design buildings taller than
had previously been possible. As a result,
skyscrapers began to be built in cities such as
New York and Chicago.
• What was the result of this new technology on
population patterns in the United States in the first
half of the 20th century?
• A. decreased growth of suburban areas
• B. migration from the West to the Midwest
• C. increased migration from urban to rural areas
• D. greater population density in urban areas
OGT Multiple Choice
• (Practice Test Booklet, 2005)
Industrialization in the United States
resulted in
• A. the country becoming more urban than
rural
• B. workers seeing no need to unite to
form labor unions
• C. the transformation from an urban to an
agrarian society
• D. politics not being affected by the
economic changes
OGT Multiple Choice
• _____ (Practice Test Booklet, 2005) Which of
the following statements best reflects housing
patterns for immigrants soon after their arrival
to the United States?
• A. They tended to assimilate quickly into the
existing communities
• B. They tended to spread out quickly into
many different communities
• C. They tended to congregate into their own
communities
• D. They tended to leave the United States
soon after arriving
OGT Multiple Choice
• _____ (Base Test March 2005) Consider the following
changes that occurred in the United States in the late
19th Century:
•
•Improvements in agricultural production
•
•Increases in immigration from Europe
•
•Advancements in networks of railroad and streetcar
lines
•
•
•
•
•
These changes led to the
A. rapid growth of urban areas
B. acquisition of overseas territories
C. elimination of large suburbs around many cities
D. movement of people from the urban to the rural areas
OGT Multiple Choice
•
The emergence of many great African-American writers, poets,
musicians, entertainers, and scholars in the New York City area
was known as the
•
•
•
•
A.
B.
C.
D.
New York City Renaissance
Harlem Renaissance
Black Renaissance
Manhattan Renaissance
OGT Extended Response
• Explain four effects of industrialization
on living and working conditions for
the early industrial working class in the
United States in the late 19th century.
(4 points)
Section 4: Gangs, Improvements in
Transportation and the Growing
Middle Class
Content Elaboration: The crowding of cities led
to increased crime with the development of
gangs. Improvements in transportation (e.g.,
trolleys, automobiles) facilitated the
development of the suburbs. A growing middle
class could easily commute between residential
areas and the central cities for business and
recreation.
Crime
• Increased population in city = increase in
crime
• Work for pennies or get involved in crime?
• Gangs began
• Organized crime
Henry Ford’s Model-T
Assembly Line: Mass production of
the automobile
Better transportation
• Henry Ford = invented the assembly line and
Model-T
• Better roads
• Those who could afford it moved out of the
crummy cities
• Where did they move? SUBURBS! They can
now drive in to work.
Rise of the Middle Class
• middle class grew
• more office workers needed (office workers =
white collar; factory workers = blue collar)
• engineers and salesmen needed
• standard of living increased
• enjoyed sports, theater, newspapers in free
time
OGT Multiple Choice
•
(2005 Practice Test) One effect of widespread
suburbanization in the United States during the 1920’s was
• A. airlines adding routes to new cities.
• B. increased reliance upon the
automobile
• C. decreased immigration from Europe
and Asia
• D. television replacing radio as the
most popular medium.
OGT Multiple Choice
•
(Base Test March 2005) One cause of suburbanization in
the United States during the 1920’s was increased
• A. overcrowding and violence in the
cities
• B. economic opportunities in rural
towns
• C. emigration from the United States
• D. economic reliance upon agriculture
OGT Multiple Choice
•
•
•
•
•
Bold use of the assembly line in his factories can be credited to
A.
B.
C.
D.
Henry Ford
J.P. Morgan
Andrew Carnegie
John D. Rockefeller