Chapter 22
Europe: The End of the Middle Ages
The Rise of the Secular State
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The impact of economic change
Popes & Mendicant Orders check heresy
Spiritual problem of prosperity
Loss of respect for Church
• Taxes
• Fees
The French Monarchy
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Louis IX – St. Louis (1226-70)
• Parliament of Paris
• Heard appeals of local administrative agents and
from courts of feudal lords
• Established legal basis for royal claims to
supremacy over all subjects
• Crusades 1248 & 1270
• Canonized
• Crusades
• Political value
St. Louis
The English Monarchy
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Henry III (1216-72)
• 1225 reconfirms Magna Carta
• 1240 out of favor with English Barons over
•
•
policy
1258 Heavily in debt – asks barons to reform
government
Simon de Montfort gains control – defeated by
Edward 1265
Lateran Council of 1215
Trial by Ordeal
Edward I and Parliament
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Edward I (1272-1307): 2 objectives
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Edward makes greater use of Parliament
• Restore royal authority
• Become supreme ruler of the British Isles
• Get advice on policy, Settle difficult legal
•
cases, Make statutes, and obtain grants of
taxes
“Model Parliament” - 1295
• Representatives of all counties and towns
France Under Philip the Fair
(1287-1314)
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French barons struggle to preserve local rights
Bureaucrats grow enormously during reign
Spent large part of reign warring with great
vassals (King of England & Count of Flanders)
Difficulty in raising taxes
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•
Explains military weakness
Estates General never becomes as powerful as
English Parliament
Ideas that Distinguish the
Modern Sovereign State
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The welfare of the state was the
greatest good
The defense of the realm was the
greatest necessity
Opposition to duly constituted
authority was the greatest evil
The Struggle with the Church

Boniface VIII (1294-1303)
• Question of loyalties of clergy – to church
or state?

Popes of Avignon (1305-1378)
• Known as the Babylonian Captivity
The Great Schism
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Pope Gregory XI Returns to Rome
(1377)
Pope Urban VI (1378-1389)
Pope Clement VII (1378-1394)
Council of Constance 1417
Bubonic Plague
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The Little Ice Age, c. 1300 CE
• Decline of agricultural output leads to
•
widespread famine
Bubonic Plague spreads from south-west
China
• Carried by fleas on rodents
• Mongol campaigns spread disease to Chinese
Interior
Spread of Plague
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Mongols, merchants, travelers spread
disease west
1346 Black Sea ports
1347 Mediterranean ports
1348 Western Europe
Path of the Plague
Symptoms of the Black Plague
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Inflamed and discolored lymph nodes in neck,
armpits, groin area
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Buboes, hence Bubonic
60-70% mortality rate, within days of onset of
symptoms
Extreme northern climates less affected
•
Winter hard on flea population
India, sub-Saharan areas unaffected
•
Reasons unknown
Population Decline (millions)
100
90
80
70
60
China
Europe
50
40
30
20
10
0
1300 CE
1400 CE
1500 CE
Social and Economic Effects
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Massive labor shortage
Demand for higher wages
Population movements
Governments attempt to freeze wages,
stop serf movements
• Riots result
England in the Later Middle
Ages
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Edward II (1327-77)
•
Loved courtly magnificence and chivalric warfare
The Hundred Years’ War: The first phase
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Edward & his son The Black Prince (also named
Edward) capture French King
French pay ransom for king and cede 2/5’s of their
country
French have no intention of keeping treaty, launch war
of attrition that exhausts England’s resources
Rebellion & Revolution
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Richard (1377-1399)
Barons rule inefficiently
• Peasant rebellion 1381
Richard tries to increase royal power
1386, fails to secure army
Duke of Lancaster takes thrown as
Henry IV (1399-1413)
The Hundred Years’ War: The
Second Phase
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Henry V (1413-22)
Forces Charles VI to accept treaty
Henry VI – infant king
Charles VII – Claims French thrown
Joan of Arc
The Defeat of England
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Charles VII (1422-61)
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Joan of Arc
• “To make war on the Holy Kingdom of France
was to make war on the Lord Jesus.”