Personality Disorder
• Enduring patterns of perceiving,
relating to, and thinking about the
environment and oneself that are exhibited
in a wide range of important social and
personal contexts, and are inflexible
and maladaptive, and cause either
significant functional impairment or
subjective distress
Types of Personality Disorders
• A) Disorders of unhappiness and anxiety
• B) Disorders in relating with others
• C) Disorders in thinking and lack of contact with
reality
• All disorders have some of these characteristics
10 Personality Disorders
• Dependent Personality Disorder
• Avoidant Personality Disorder
• Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
•
•
•
•
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• Schizoid Personality Disorder
• Schizotypal Personality Disorder
• Borderline Personality Disorder
Disorders of unhappiness and
anxiety
• Dependent Personality Disorder
• Avoidant Personality Disorder
• Obsessive-Compulsive Personality
Disorder
Score
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
2=T
7=F
14 = F
22 = F
29 = T
41 = F
53 = F
59 = T
Obsessive-Compulsive
Personality Disorder
• A pattern of preoccupation with
orderliness, perfectionism, and control at
the expense of flexibility
Obsessive-Compulsive
Personality Disorder
• Four of the following
• 1) Over concern with rules and details
• 2) Perfectionism
• 3) Workaholism
• 4) Inflexibility
– A set way of thinking or behaving
Obsessive-Compulsive
Personality Disorder
• 5) Packrat behavior
– Note: seems opposite to other aspects (Freud)
• 6) Inability to delegate
• 7) Miserliness
• 8) Rigidity and stubbornness
Disorders in relating to others
• Paranoid Personality Disorder
• Histrionic Personality Disorder
• Antisocial Personality Disorder
• Narcissistic Personality Disorder
Score
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
6=T
8=T
33 = T
42 = T
48 = T
49 = T
60 = T
Paranoid Personality Disorder
• A pattern of distrust and suspiciousness such that others’ motives
are interpreted as malevolent
• Preoccupied with concerns about the loyalty and trustworthiness of
others
• Misinterpret or over interpret situations in line with their suspicions
• Suspicious of other’s motives
• Sees hidden messages in benign comments
Score
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
10 = F
21 = T
24 = F
27 = F
32 = T
48 = F
51 = T
57 = T
Histrionic Personality Disorder
• A pattern of excessive emotionality and attention seeking
• Pursue attention by being highly dramatic or overtly seductive
• Tend to exaggerate friendships and relationships, believing that
everyone loves them
• Seek re-assurance, praise
• Shallow emotions, flamboyant, self-centred
Score
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
7=T
13 = T
14 = T
17 = T
21 = T
38 = T
41 = T
52 = T
53 = T
Antisocial Personality Disorder
•
A pattern of disregard for, and violation of, the rights of others
•
Poor control of impulses, low tolerance of frustration
•
Psychopath and sociopath are sometimes used to refer to those with antisocial
personality disorder
•
Have a lack of conscience, coldness and callousness
•
Prone to violent criminal behavior, believing that their victims are weak and deserving
of being taken advantage of
•
They are often aggressive and are much more concerned with their own needs than
the needs of others
•
Although they can be gracious and cheerful until they get what they want e.g.
Hannibal Lecter
•
Little anxiety
Score
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
5=T
21 = T
26 = T
31 = T
38 = T
40 = F
57 = T
67 = T
69 = F
80 = T
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• A pattern of grandiosity, need for
admiration, and a sense of self-
importance
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• Five of the following
• 1) Grandiose sense of self-importance
• 2) Preoccupation with fantasies of ultimate
attainment
• 3) Belief he or she should only associate with others
who are “special.”
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• 4) Requirement for excessive admiration.
• 5) Sense of entitlement
• 6) Exploitation of others
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• 7) Lack of empathy
• 8) Enviousness
• 9) Arrogant behavior and attitudes
Disorders of thinking and lack of
contact with reality
• Schizoid Personality Disorder
• Schizotypal Personality Disorder
• Borderline Personality Disorder
Score
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
4=T
10 = T
27 = T
32 = F
38 = T
46 = T
48 = T
57 = F
Schizoid Personality Disorder
• A pattern of detachment from social relationships and restricted
range of emotional expression
• Indifferent to relationships
• Limited social range (some are hermits)
• Aloof, detached, called loners
• No apparent need of friends, sex
• Solitary activities
Types of Personality Disorders
• A) Disorders of unhappiness and anxiety
• B) Disorders in relating with others
• C) Disorders in thinking and lack of contact with
reality
• All disorders have some of these characteristics
10 Personality Disorders
• Dependent Personality Disorder
• Avoidant Personality Disorder
• Obsessive-Compulsive Personality Disorder
•
•
•
•
Paranoid Personality Disorder
Histrionic Personality Disorder
Antisocial Personality Disorder
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• Schizoid Personality Disorder
Score
•
•
•
•
•
8=T
48 = T
69 = T
71 = T
76 = T
Schizotypal Personality
Disorder
• A pattern of acute discomfort in close
relationships, cognitive or perceptual distortions,
and eccentricities of behavior
• They generally engage in eccentric behavior and
have difficulty concentrating for long periods of
time.
• Like people with schizoid PD, those with
shizotypal PD tend to be socially isolated, be
uncomfortable in interpersonal relationships and
have a restricted range of emotions
Schizotypal Personality
Disorder
• Their speech is often over elaborate and difficult
to follow i.e. tangential, vague.
• May have inappropriate emotional responses (or
none at all)
• May be easily distracted, become fixated, or lost
in fantasy
• Many believe that schizotypal personality
disorder represents mild schizophrenia, but
SPDs maintain basic contact with reality
Score
•
•
•
•
•
7=T
22 = T
30 = T
41 = T
72 = T
Borderline Personality Disorder
• A pattern of instability in interpersonal relationships,
self-image, and affects, and marked impulsivity
• Instability
– Mood instability with bouts of severe
depression, anxiety or anger
– Unstable self concept with periods of extreme
self-doubt and others of grandiose importance
– Unstable interpersonal relationships – from
idealizing to despising (and promiscuity)
Borderline Personality Disorder
• A tendency towards impulsive and
self-destructive behaviors, and out of
control emotions
Borderline Personality Disorder
• Five of the following:
• 1) Rapid mood shifts
• 2) Uncontrollable anger
• 3) Self-destructive acts
Borderline Personality Disorder
• 4) Self-damaging behaviors
• 5) Identity disturbance
• 6) Chronic emptiness
Borderline Personality Disorder
• 7) Unstable relationships
– View people as all good or all bad
• 8) Fear of abandonment
• 9) Confusion and feelings of unreality
How is a diagnosis made?
DSM-IV – Categorical Approach
• Based on the medical model
• Disorder is present or absent
Advantages of Categorical
System
• Ease in conceptualization and
communication
• Familiarity
• Consistency with clinical decision
making
Assumptions of the DSM
• Personality pathology is suited to be
classified into discrete types or disorders
• These disorders group themselves into
three clusters
• The diagnostic criteria naturally fall into the
particular personality disorders to which
they have been assigned
Empirical Evidence doesn’t support these assumptions!!!
Disadvantages of the Categorical
Approach
• Arbitrary cut-off points
• Loss of important information
• Will likely utilize a dimensional
approach in DSM-V
Alternative conceptualisations of
Personality Disorders
• Personality disorders can also be considered
within the context of personality
• Provides a better understanding of each PD
– Five Factor Model
– Interpersonal Circumplex
Personality Disorder
N
E
Schizotypal
High
Low
High
Low
Low
Schizoid
Paranoid
High
Histrionic
High
Narcissistic
High
A
C
O
Low
High
High
Low
High
High
High
Personality Disorder
N
E
A
C
Antisocial
High
High
Low
Low
Borderline
High
Low
Low
Dependent
High
High
Avoidant
High
Obsessive-Compulsive
O
Low
High
Low
High
Low
Interpersonal Circumplex Model
•
Posits that all
personality can be
captured by two primary
dimensions:
– Nurturance versus
cold-heartedness
– Dominance versus
submission
Teaching Evaluation
• Students can still respond until 11:59
pm on Friday, June 24
athttps://sakai.rutgers.edu/