Unit 6 Learning
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Unit 6 Learning Module 26 How We Learn and Classical Conditioning How do we learn? • Learning: steps in acquiring new and relatively lasting info on behavior. Adapt to environment. • Classical Conditioning: learn to expect and prepare for events • Operant Conditioning: repeat behavior that gives rewards, avoid those that cause pain • Observational Learning: watching events and others • Cognitive Learning: thru language—never experienced actual events Cont. • Humans look for connections between events – Smell bread like smelleat breadlike itkeep eating bread – Learned associations often are subtle (red pen) • Learned associations feed habits: – Sitting in same seat but no seating chart • Habituation: decreasing response to a stimulus with repeated exposure (sea slug) Cont. • Associative Learning: learning that certain events occur together • Classical conditioning associates 2 stimuli and anticipate events – Stimulus: event or situation that causes a response • Operational conditioning associate the response between our behavior and its consequence Generally, these work together (operational and classical) Cont. • Cognitive Learning: learn mental info that changes behavior • Observational Learning: learn from other’s experiences Classical Conditioning • Seeing the connection between 2 or more stimuli and ANTICIPATE events – Pavlov inspired Watson—beginning of behaviorism: 1. Observable 2. No mental processes Cont. • Pavlov’s Experiment Classical Conditioning Neutral Stimulus—Bell • Does not normally elicit (cause) a response or reflex action by itself – a bell ringing – a color – a furry object Unconditioned Stimulus—Food • Always elicits a reflex action: an unconditioned (unlearned) response – food – blast of air – noise Unconditioned Response —Salivation • The automatic response to the unconditioned stimulus • A response to an unconditioned stimulus— naturally occurring & not learned – Salivation at smell of food – Eye blinks at blast of air – Startle reaction in babies Conditioned (Learned) Stimulus — Bell • The stimulus that was originally neutral becomes conditioned after it has been paired with the unconditioned stimulus • Will eventually cause the unconditioned response by itself Conditioned (Learned) Response - Salivation • The original unconditioned response becomes conditioned after it has been caused by the neutral stimulus • Usually the same behavior as the UCR Pavlov’s Experiment Pavlov’s Experiment Acquisition • The process of developing a learned response • The initial learning that takes place in the first stage of conditioning when the animal starts to associate the NS with the US. • Higher-order conditioning: a new NS can become a new CS. (light added to tone…light=salvation Acquisition Extinction and Spontaneous Recovery • If keep presenting CS with no US it will fade away=Extinction • Spontaneous Recovery: if the CR happens after being extinguished Generalization • Process in which an organism produces the same CR to two similar stimuli (CS) • The more similar the substitute stimulus is to the original used in conditioning, the stronger the generalized response Discrimination • Ability of an animal to not respond to a new CS that is too different from the original CS. • The subject learns that one stimulus predicts the UCS and the other does not. Pavlov’s Legacy • Application of Classical Conditioning – Drug addict having cravings when environment is similar to drug use • Conditioned Taste Aversion: associate specific food or taste to food poisoning Watson, Rayner, and Little Albert • Paired white rat with loud noise – Albert generalized fear to white fuzzy objects – Can extinguish fearful responses but it’s difficult
