Chapter 14
Life in the Industrial Age
Advances in Technology and Communication
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Development of electricity as industry grew
Development of the first dynamo—electric generator
1879 Thomas Edison created a light bulb that glowed for two days before burning out
Transmission system developed so electricity could be used effectively across a wide area
Dams were built to provide artificial sources of waterpower—hydroelectric power
Communications
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Alexander Graham Bell—patented the telephone in 1876
Guglielmo Marconi—telegraph
The Internal Combustion Engine
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Called internal combustion engines because burning of fuel took place inside a closed cylinder
Henry Ford produced first commercially successful automobile, the Model T
Wilbur and Orville Wright were the first to achieve a sustained, controlled flight in 1903
Science and technology combined to produce the field of aerodynamics
Advances in Science and Medicine
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Biological sciences—biology and genetics—living organisms—the cell accepted as the basic unit of
living matter
Physical sciences—properties of nonliving matter and of energy
Evolution and Genetics
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Evolution
Charles Darwin—On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection
Survival of the fittest
Genetics—study of how the inborn characteristics of plants and animals are inherited by their
descendants
The Fight Against Disease
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Breakthroughs in medicine helped to prolong human life
Smallpox vaccine
Louis Pasteur—identified microorganisms called bacteria; developed a process of heating liquids to kill
bacteria and prevent fermentation called pasteurization
Determined that when weakened germs enter the body, the system builds up substances called
antibodies to fight them
Advances in Surgery and Other Areas
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Ether and chloroform could be used to cause unconsciousness and eliminate pain
Antisepsis—the use of chemicals to kill disease-causing germs
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Alexander Fleming—penicillin
The Atom and its Structure
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Atomic theory—all matter in the universe is made up of very small particles called atoms
Dmitry Mendeleyev—made first workable classification of the elements
Pierre and Marie Currie experimented elements polonium and radium and that these elements constantly
break down and release energy on their own, a process called radioactivity
Planck—devised the theory of quantum theory—energy could be released only in packages called
quanta
Einstein—theory of relativity—no particles of matter can move faster than the speed of light and that
motion can measured only relative to some particular observer
Social Sciences in the Industrial Age
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Social sciences—branches of knowledge that scientifically study people as members of society
Economics, history, political institutions, and human relations
Archaeology, Anthropology, and Sociology
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Archaeology—the study of human culture through the artifacts people leave behind
Anthropology—the study of different societies
Sociology—the study of human relationships in society
Social Darwinism—those who acquired wealth and power had done so because of their superior abilities
Psychology
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Study of the mind and human behavior
Ivan Pavlov—conditional reflex
Sigmund Freud—psychoanalysis—the process of revealing and analyzing unconscious motivations; the
unconscious mind contains the mental processes of which a person is unaware; founded modern
psychiatry—the study and treatment of mental illness
Society and Culture in the Industrial Age
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Emigration—the movement of people away from their native lands
Between 1870 and 1900, more than 10 million people left Europe for the United States
People fled for from poor economic conditions or oppression and discrimination
People moved within Europe to areas of greater industrialization—looking for jobs
The Growth of Cities
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Decline in farm employment
Factory system became the greatest cause of city growth
Most people lived in rural areas or small villages before the Industrial Revolution
Jane Addams—reformers who provide social services
Cities grew and people moved to the outskirts called suburbs
Science and technology led to better methods of preserving and transporting food
Discovery of the importance of vitamins and minerals
Growth of Public Education
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Industrialists wanted workers who could read and write
Belief that state-sponsored schools would produce patriotic citizens
1870s—US and Europe laws were passed that required education for children
Secondary education for women was limited
Few colleges admitted women
In the 1800s colleges just for women appeared
People knew about current issues and could participate more in government
Leisure and Cultural Activities
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Sports such as rugby, cycling, football, baseball became very popular
People paid to go to concert halls, museums, and libraries because they were more available to people
Public parks were created due to public demand for places to spend their recreation and for places for
children to play