Origins of Disparities
AIM: Explain disparities and
inequities that occur within
countries
Economic Indicators
-Indicators of economic development
highlight global in equalities between
countries very effectively….
But…
What about within countries?
Within Countries
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Differences in development tend to be based
on
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Location
Ethnicity
Gender
Because of this, the difference between
regions and districts country can usually be
quantified by using composite or quantitative
indicators such as the HPI (Human Poverty
Index)
What is the HPI?
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Measures standard of living
Divided into Two versions
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HPI-1 –Developing Countries
HPI-2 –Industrialized Countries
How does it compare to the other composite indicators?
Indicator
Longevity
Knowledge
Decent Standard of Living
HDI
Life expectancy at
birth
1. Adult literacy rate
Adjusted per capita income in PPP$
2. Combined school
enrolment ratio
Adjusted per capita income in PPP$ based
on female and male earned income
1.Female and Male
literacy rates
Adjusted per capita income in PPP$ based
on female and male earned income
GDI
Female and male
life expectancy at
birth
2. Female and male
combined school
enrolment ratios
HPI-1
Percentage of
people not
expected to
survive to age 40
Adult literacy rate
Percentage of people without access to safe
water
Percentage of people without access to
health services
Percentage of underweight children under 5
HPI-2
Percentage of
people not
expected to
survive to age 60
Adult Functional
illiteracy rate
Percentage of people living below the
income poverty line (50% of median
disposable income)
For example:
Using HPI-1 you will find that human
deprivation is much higher in Bihar
(Northeastern India where the HPI-1 is
54%) than in Kerala, a state in south
India where the HPI-1 is only 23%.
Could the Internet be used as
a indicator?
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Why?  Access to information and
education
South Africa – Average internet users
earns 7 times the national average
income.
Latin America- 90% of internet users
are in the upper income group.
Furthermore….
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Internet users tend to be those with
higher education
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Internet Users with at least 1 UNI degree:
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Globally-30%
U.K.- 50%
China – 60%
Irleand-70%
Rural and Urban
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In LEDCs significant differences arise
between Urban and Rural areas. But
why?
Answer: cities are usually the first to receive
investment and improvements.
In LEDCs, this is pity because most of the
people live in rural villages and farming
areas- Thus the gap widens
Why else do disparities arise
within countries?
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Read page 24 in Study Guide notes