Exam 1 Study Guide
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BMIS Study Guide Test #1 HTML Chapter 1 - - HTTP a set of rules for exchanging text, graphic, sound, video, and other multimedia files World Wide Web part of the internet that supports multimedia and consists of a collection of linked documents Internet a worldwide collection of computers and computer networks that links billions of computers used by businesses, government, educational institutions, organizations, etc. Network a collection of two or more computers that are connected to share resources and information Internet backbone a collection of high-speed data lines that connect major computer systems located around the world Internet Service Provider (ISP) a company that ha a permanent connection to the Internet backbone, connects people to the backbone Internet anyone as access to it and it is used to share information such as personal, product, or course info with the public Intranet used by employees or members who have private access and it is used to share information such as forms, manuals, organization schedules with employees or members Extranet select business partners who has private access and it is used to share info such as inventory updates, product specifications, and financial info E-commerce the buying and selling of goods and services over the internet URL Uniform Resource Locators is the address of a document or other file accessible on the internet Hyperlink connects one document to another HTML- an authorizing language used to create documents for the World Wide Web which uses a set of special instructions called tags or markup o define the structure and layout of a web document and specify how he page is displayed in the browser platform independent meaning it can be created on one computer and opened on another browser on another computer CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) allow you to specify style for various web page elements a style sheet is a series of rules that defines the style for a web page or an entire web site CSS is not HTML DOM (Document Object Model) describes a combination of HTML tags, CSS, and scripting language such as JavaScript allows you to manipulate the structure of the underlying document to create interactive and animated web pages HTML o Format of elements: start tag, content, end tag § Doctype tag § HTML <html>, </html> indicates the start and end of the document § Heading <head> </head> § Meta <meta /> used to declare the character encoding UTF-8 allows computers to display and manipulate text and display it properly § Title <title> </title> § Body <body> </body> all text, images, and links - - - § Paragraph <p> </p> § Line Break <br /> § Horizontal rule <hr /> o Main sections: § Doctype § HTML § Header: heading, meta, title § Body: paragraph, line break, bulleted list, etc. o For lists: § <ul> OR <ol> § <li> </li> § </ul> OR </ol> § can also change style of list/bullet by inserting in the first tag o Coding practices § Separate sections with spaces and tab key o HTML should meet XHTML coding standards or it may not display properly on certain browsers o Inline style sheets (CSS) § Changes the style within an individual HTML tag § Overrides embedded and external style sheets § Inline vs. Block level inline is within a certain section (for EX: a word in a paragraph) and block level specifies another part of the page in which the element will appear XHTML- a reformulation of HTML so it conforms to XML structure and content rules combines the display features of HTML with the (stricter) coding standards of XML o Must include a doctype statement o All tag attributes (EX: table width) must be written in lower case o All attribute values must be enclosed by quotation marks o All tags must be closed! Website testing o Validating each web page by running it through the W3C markup validation services o Usability testing a method by which users of a website or other product are asked to perform certain tasks in an effort to measure the products ease of use and the users perception of the experience o Compatibility testing to verify the web site works with a variety of browsers o Stress testing determines what happens on your web site when greater numbers of users access the site Types of website structures: o Linear o Hierarchical o Webbed o Broad o Deep HTML chapter 2 - Definition list offsets information in a dictionary like style, type of list other than ordered and unordered Selector the part of the style statement that identifies the page elements Declaration the part of the style statement that identifies how the element should - - - - - appear Property color, text indent, border-width, font-style o For each property the declaration includes a related value which specifies the display parameters for that specific property Image types o GIF uses for images with few colors, allows for transparency of background o PNG newest format, allows for variation in transparency, uses for all types of images o JPEG images with many colors FTP File Transfer Protocol a set of rules that regulate how to computers establish connections, submit and receive messages, and reorganize messages o How it works: when downloading a file from the internet, you are transferring the file to your computer from a host or server computer § The server computer is a designated computer with an FTP address § FTP is like a warehouse for computer files you can store (upload) or retrieve (download) files from here o Can be public or non-public (private) o Can use an FTP client to create connection to an FTP server or just a regular browser § FTP client is a computer program or piece of software that is deigned to transfer files back and forth between two computers over the internet § Needs access to the internet § First step is to create and save a profile through “Session Profile” the profile includes · Profile name · Host name/address barney.gonzaga.edu · User ID · Password · Account leave blank · Initial directories not required · Comment · Anonymous · Save password Web #1: barney.gonzaga.edu/~atrost basic HTML structure and elements, FTP intro, basic structure for first web assignment: Doctype, HTML, head, meta, title, style (css) codes, closing head, body, paragraphs, unordered lists, closing body, closing HTML o Basic structure- H: root directory public html images folder and index.html, myself.pptx, and myresume.docx documents Web #2: barney.gonaga.edu/~atrost/index.html adding inline images and graphics (img src=) from separate images folder *inline image means the image is not part of the HTML document but in a separate place, javascript time update, web structure: o Directory structure- H: root directory public html (web folder) folder 1; index.html, myself.pptx, myresume.docx folder 2; images HTML #1: barney.gonzaga.edu/html01/myhungerfight.html new HTML01 folder under public_html images folder within html01 and myhungerfight.hml doc within html01 ordered vs. unordered lists and changing the style of the unordered list (bullet) with CSS codes changing image height and width color ID codes in style sheets embedded in tags such as <h1> USING MIS Chapter 1-3 - - - SDLC Systems Development Life-cycle o Phase 1: Analysis to determine the requirements of a proposed new system § Required tools: fact-gathering techniques, data dictionary, data flow diagrams, process specifications, data models, system models, prototyping, system flowcharts § Tasks: · Understand the current systems flaws and strong points · Analyze the information needs of the end users, organizational environment, and any system currently in use · Prepares a list of requirements for a new system · Diagrams the functions of the system without specifying how those functions are to be performed but can meet the needs of end users · Prepares a prototype o Phase 2: Design to design a new system that fulfills the requirements of users and management § Tasks: · Decides on and orders all necessary hardware and software · Incorporates security measures into the system design · Determines staffing requirements and designs procedures and work flow · Designs an appropriate data base · Users, managers, and analysts review the design specifications for accuracy and completeness o Phase 3: Implementation to write and test the system and train people to operate and use it in order to convert to a new system § Tasks: · Oversees the preparation and supervises the writing and testing of the programs and prototype · Supervises training of users · Software is installed and data is entered · New system is started on day of implementation o Phase 4: Maintenance to prepare and upgrade the system as necessary § Uses a post-implementation review process to monitor, evaluate, and modify the system as needed The importance of MIS o Impacts the way we manage businesses (CRM and SCM), the way we entertain (online gaming), the way we communicate (social media), the way we shop (ecommerce) o Improves productivity, organizational performance, and the welfare of society o Becoming IS literate improves intelligence and knowledge about how to operate business o Sets you up for any career in business Why business students need to learn MIS o Future business professionals need to be able to assess, evaluate, and apply emerging information technology to business o Three most important reasons that MIS is the most important class: § 1. Assess, evaluate, and apply technology - - - - - - - § Gain marketable skills and perspectives (job security and learning) § Moore’s law any routine skill can be outsourced to the lowest bidder (must learn MIS skills which are not routine) Moore’s Law the cost of data communications and data storage is essentially zero because of Moore’s law that the “number of transistors per square inch on an integrated chip doubles every 18 months” What is MIS the management and use of information systems that help businesses achieve their strategies management, use, and aligning of info to help companies achieve their goals Five components of MIS components are ordered from simplest to most complex and automated to non-automated o Hardware process o Software process o Data input o Procedures process o People most important and variable component, creates a competitive advantage because they are the most difficult to replace o Software and procedures are instructions o Hardware and people are actors o Data is the bridge between the two sides How can you use the 5-component model? o Guide your learning and thinking about IS, both now and in the future improves the quality of your thinking o Change the way your brain works o Know how to use information systems o Can help you consider the use of high-tech vs. low-tech systems o Understand the scope of new systems What is information? o Knowledge derived from data o Data processed by summing, averaging, grouping, comparing, etc. Data vs. Information o Information is in your head, data are facts from studies that have been collected o Information is refined data it is was users want/need Five characteristics of good information o Accurate data that has been processed correctly and as expected o Timely o Relevant to context and subject o Just sufficient o Worth its cost Three dimensions of quality information o Time dimension timeliness o Content dimension accuracy, relevancy, completeness, scope o Form dimension clarity, detail, order, presentation IT vs IS o Information systems include: § Information technology § Management § Organization § More than just hardware and software not just business processes o Information technology pertains to things you buy such as hardware, software, data components § IT drives the development of IS - - - - - - - - § You can buy IT, you cannot buy IS o Role of IS is automates, informates, innovates/transforms o IS = IT + management + organization o IS = IT + procedures + people What is collaboration? o A group of people working together to achieve a common goal (or result or work product) via a process of feedback and iteration. o Greater than individuals working alone o Two key characteristics: § Two or more people working together to achieve a common goal § Feedback and iteration Three critical collaboration drivers o Communication skill, ability, and IS o Content management who made what, where, when and why o Workflow control Process or procedure by which content is created, edited, used and disposed Collaboration vs. communication and coordination o Collaboration is not done alone o Cooperation lacks feedback and iteration o Cooperation is when a group of people are working together to complete a job but are not communication or providing feedback on each others jobs essentially working alone to complete a specified part of the project Three criteria for successful collaboration o Successful outcome o Growth in team capability over time o Meaningful and satisfying experience Four primary purposes of collaboration o To become informed share data, support communication, store history o Make decisions o Solve problems o Manage (conduct) projects Three types of decision making and management level o Operational decisions (structured) are those that support operational, day to day activities o Managerial (both structured and unstructured) decisions about the allocation and utilization of resources o Strategic (unstructured) decisions that support broad-scope, organizational issues always collaborative o * Unstructured decisions are the ones that require the most collaboration, communication, different perspectives, feedback, and iteration Project management four phases and tasks o Starting set team authority, set project scope and budget, form team, establish team roles, responsibilities and authorities, establish team rules o Planning determine tasks and dependencies, assign tasks, determine schedule, revise budget o Doing perform project tasks, manage tasks and budget, solve problems, reschedule tasks as necessary, document and report progress o Finalizing determine completion, prepare archival documents, disband team Project management triangle time, cost, scope in the center is quality o The objective of the PM is to define project’s scope realistically and ultimately deliver quality of product/service on time, on budget and within scope. Primary functions of a collaboration system o Communication - - - - - o Content sharing Using collaboration tools to improve communication o Synchronous communication Team members meet at the same time, but not necessarily at the same geographic location (EX: conference calls or video chat) § Single location such as word or powerpoint (not a virtual meeting) § Multiple locations such as conference calls or text chat (virtual meeting) o Asynchronous communication Team members do not meet at the same time or in the same geographic location (EX: discussion forums or email exchange virtual meeting) Alternative IT for sharing content in order of increasing degree of content control with version control having the most content control o No control email with attachment or shared files on a server o Version management wikis, google docs, windows life skydrive o Version control Microsoft sharepoint Pros and cons of the following tools: o Google docs and spreadsheets § Pros: free, easy to create, share and edit documents, easy to create an account, document can be accessed by multiple people simultaneously, notification of changes made § Cons: no feedback and iteration on changes made, changes can be lost when multiple people collaborate, hard to tell who made which changes or to locate those changes o Office 365 and sharepoint § Pros: tasks list, discussion forum, notification of completed work than needs to be approved, can handle a lot of data and users, document library, notifications of any changes made, only one user at a time can open the document § Only one person can open the document at a time so it takes longer to edit o Collaboration and workflow systems § Pros: § Cons: How organizational strategy determines information systems o The structure of the industry determines competitive strategy competitive strategy determines value chains which in turn determine business processes business processes then determine the necessary supporting information systems o Summary of industry structure to information systems: Industry structure competitive strategy value chain business processes IS § Industry structure to competitive strategy analyze your industry and choose from one of four competitive strategies: · Lowest cost across the industry · Lowest cost within an industry segment · Better product/service across the industry · Better product/service within and industry segment Competitive strategy to value chain structure value chain is structured around the specific competitive strategy that is chosen (EX: lowest possible cost industry wide) o Value chain has five primary activities and four support activities it is a series of activities that create value for the company - - - - - - § Primary: inbound logistics, operations/manufacturing, outbound logistics, sales and marketing, customer service § Support: procurement (managing supplier relationships), technology, Human resources, firm infrastructure (managing company resources) o Linkages interactions across value activities (EX: manufacturing systems use linkages to reduce inventory costs by using sales forecasts to plan production and then using productions to plan raw materials and then use materials to plan purchases which results in “just-in-time inventory”) o Business process design central idea is that organizations should not automate or improve existing functional systems but instead they should create new and more efficient business processes that integrate the activities of all departments involved in the value chain Five forces model determines industry profitability intensity of each force determines characteristics of the industry o Bargaining power of customers buyer selections, switching costs, differentiation o Threat of substitutions redesign products and services, improve price/performance o Bargaining power of suppliers selection of supplier, threat of backward integration o Threat of new entrants switching costs, access to distribution channels, economies of scale o Rivalry cost-effectiveness, market access, differentiation of products and services Business processes and generating value o A business process is a network of activities that generate value by transforming inputs to outputs o Each activity is a business process that receives inputs and produces outputs o Repository a collection of something (EX: a database is a repository of data and a raw material repository is an inventory of raw materials) Relationship of margin, value, and cost o Cost of a business process is cost of inputs plus the cost of activities. o Margin of the business process equals the value of the outputs minus the cost (margin = value – cost) Information systems provide competitive advantages through products and processes o Products § Create a new product or service § Enhance products or services § Differentiate products or services o Processes § Lock in customers and buyers § Lock in suppliers § Raise barriers to market entry § Establish alliances § Reduce cost The key to a companies competitive advantage is o increase the margin of it’s products by increasing value, reducing cost, or both Two levels that a company strives for competitive advantage are: o Firm level competitive forces model and competitive strategy o Business level value chain analysis Business Value and Focus – IS perspective - Who are the customers? Where are the customers? Their purchasing habits? How to reach them? What they need/want? How many they need/want? When they need/want? How to reach them? Essential value propositions for a successful company o Business model B2C o Core competency o Execution set corporate goals and get executive sponsorship for initiative
