By: Kristin Wawrzynski

CAUSE:
 National debt and the annual budget deficit soared*
 France was split into 3 Estates:
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Clergy- owned about 10% of land and only paid “voluntary gifts” to the government every 5 years*.
Nobility- owned about 25% of land and taxed very lightly.
They enjoyed many manorial rights* that allowed them to tax the peasantry
Everyone else- some were educated merchants, lawyers and officials, but majority were urban artisans and unskilled day laborers (peasants and countryside agricultural workers)

 1789-Estates General convene at Versailles
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Third Estate declared itself the “National Assembly” and swore the famous Oath of the Tennis Court?*
Storming of the Bastille for weapons and gunpowder
The Great Fear- fear of vagabonds and outlaws- fanned the flames of rebellion
Declaration of the Rights of Man declared
National Assembly confiscates church lands
 1791- Royal family is arrested during an attempt to flee
France
 1792- France declares war on Austria
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Louis XVI is taken prisoner of Russian mob
September Massacre (second revolution)
National Convention declares France a republic and abolishes monarchy

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 Generally it
 Strengthened the belief that France foolishly replaced a weak king with a bloody dictator
 Was used to gain the goal for an ideal democratic republic*
 1795-1799-
Directory rules

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Napoleon Bonaparte (1769-1821)-realized the need to put an end to civil strife in France in order to create unity and consolidate his rule
November of 1799- he was named first consul of the republic
Concordat of 1801- Signed by both Napoleon and Pope
Pius VII
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Pope gained, for French Catholics, the right to practice their religion freely
Napoleon gained political power*
Family monarchy- re-established
Free speech and press was violated

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1800- Napoleon funds the Bank of France
1801- Treaty of Luneville- Austria accepted the loss of almost all its Italian possessions and German territory on the west bank of the Rhine
Treaty of Aimes- with Great Britain- France remained in control of Holland, the Austria
Netherlands, the West banks of the
Rhines, and most of the Italian peninsula
1804- Crowns himself emperor
1805- Battle of Trafalgar, Battle of Austerlitz

 1807- redrew the map of Germany; to weaken Austria and restrict trade with Britain
 1812- invades Russia with 600,000 men but disastrously retreats
 1814- (Treaty of Chaumont) Quadruple Alliance is formed to defeat France
 Napoleon abdicated and is exiled to Elba
 Escapes from Elba and ruled France until defeat at Battle of
Waterloo

Goals:
1. Establish a new balance of power in Europe to prevent imperialism and maintain peace
2. Prevent political revolutions “maintain status quo”
3. Reconstruct the map of Europe
Quadruple
Alliance*:
Austria. Britain,
Prussia, and
Russia
Host of delegates from smaller states
Low
Countries:
Belgium and
Holland were united under an enlarged
Dutch monarchy to be more effective

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Started after Napoleon surrendered to the allied powers of Europe in Paris
1 st Treaty of Paris (signed in 1814) gave France its boundaries from 1792, and France didn’t have to pay any war reparations.
Established Compensation:
 Prussia: Part of Saxony, Grand Duchy of Berg, and part of the Duchy of Westphalia
 Russia: Grand Duchy of Warsaw (made into a separate kingdom of Poland), Finland, and Bessarabia
 Austria: Received Venetia, Lombardy, and Milan in
Italy; Galicia in Poland; and Tyrol and Salzburg in
Germany

 The German States: a German Confederacy was set up to replace the Old Holy Roman Empire
 Etc.
 1815, Napoleon landed in Southern France with an army of 1000 men in the hopes of surprising the allies and regaining control of France
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 The representatives (still in Vienna) stopped fighting over the land boundaries and banded together to form a powerful army.
Final act of the Congress of Vienna
(1815): ended the meeting with a plan for
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Balance of power
A reconstructed Europe
 Plan to meet periodically**

 http://wps.ablongman.com/long_kishlansky_cw_5/0,6472,
269723-,00.html
 http://www2.sunysuffolk.edu/westn/congvienna.html
 http://ibatpv.org/projects/congress/vientime.html
 http://www.victorianweb.org/history/forpol/vienna.html
 Textbook