AP Final Review
Part II
I. French Revolution
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
Crisis of the French Monarchy
The Revolution of 1789
The Reconstruction of France
A Second Revolution
The Reign of Terror
The Thermidorian Reaction
A. Crisis of the French Monarchy
1. Economy of France
a) French monarchy emerges form the Seven Years’
War defeated and in debt
b) Support of the American Rev further endangered
its financial stability
c) Louis XV & Louis XVI were not able to solve
taxation disputes with the parlements
B. The Revolution of 1789
1.
Estates General
a)
b)
c)
2.
First- clergy
Second- nobility
Third- wealthy members of the professional middle class
Cahiers de Doleances
a)
List of grievences
o
3.
National Assembly
a)
b)
4.
b)
800 Parisians storm the Bastille in search of weapons for the citizens militia they had formed in
response to the presence of royal troops in the city and their frustrations with Louis XVI
The crowd stormed the fortress, released prisoners, and killed troops and the governor
Great Fear
a)
7.
Created after the Tennis Court Oath is taken
Storming of the Bastille
a)
6.
Third estate invites nobles and clergy to join them in creating a new legislative body
Members pledge loyalty to the Tennis Court Oath
National Constituent Assembly
a)
5.
Third Estates petitioned the king for equality of rights
A series of attacks on aristocrats and their property in the countryside that was mostly led by peasants
who felt they were reclaiming what was rightfully theirs
Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen
a)
b)
1789
Claimed that all men are “born and remain free and equal in rights.”
C. Reconstruction of France
1. Active Citizens
a)
b)
c)
Only men paying annual taxes equal to 3 days of local labor were
allowed to vote for electors, who, in turn, voted for members of the
legislature
Women could not vote or hold office
Law transferred power from aristocratic wealth to anyone with
accumulated land/ property
2. Departments
a)
Local and judicial administration units that replaced ancient provinces
(83 total)
3. Restrictions est. by the National Constituent Assembly
a)
b)
Suppressed guilds, liberated the grain trade, est. the metric system
Civil Constituent of the Clergy
o
c)
Roman Catholic church turned into a branch of the secular state
Emigres left France and resettled in areas near the French border were
the plotted a counter- revolution
D. A Second Revolution
1. Legislative Assembly
a) Jacobins- group of deputies from the third estate pressed for
radical reform
b) Girondists- group of Jacobins
o
o
ordered the emigres to return of suffer loss of property
demand that clergy that had refused to take the oath to support the Civil
Constitution do so or lose their state pensions, Louis vetoed both acts
c) In August of 1792, a Parisian crown invaded the Palace where
Louis and Marie Antoinette were staying they forced them to
take refuge in Legislative Assembly
o
Looses power and moves to the hands of the Paris Commune
d) Sept. Massacres– Paris Commune murders about 1200 people in
jails
o
Aristocrats and priests
e) France is declared a Republic
f) Dec 1792 Louis is executed; one month later France was at war
w/ England, Spain, Holland and Prussia
E. The Reign of Terror
1.
Challenges of a new Republic
a)
b)
2.
The Committee of Public Safety (COPS) & Committee of General Security
a)
b)
3.
25k are killed
Church and Religion
a)
b)
5.
Its duty was to carry out executive duties of the govt.
Levee en masse– military conscription for all males in the pop was mobilized
to defend the country
Quasi- Judicial executions (1793- 1794)
a)
4.
War brought new challenges for the Republic of France
The Revolutionary govt. est. a series of committees to protect its creation
Calendar and religious holidays are replaced by a secular calendar
Places of worship were “de- Christianized”
Maximilien Robespierre
a)
b)
c)
Powerful member of the COPS
Est. “Cult of the Supreme Being” civic religion modeled after the vies of
Rousseau
Encouraged the execution of key republican political figures
a)
Jacques Danton
F. Thermidorian Reaction
1. Involved political reconstruction and abandoned
the Constitution of 1793
2. In its place the Constitution of the Year III was
issued
a) Provided a two house legislature
a) Upper body– Council of Elders (only married/ widowed men
over 40 were allowed)
b) Lower body– Council of Five Hundred (only married/ single
men of at least 30 were allowed)
Council of Five Hundred submits a list
Council of Elders
Executive Body (5 Person Directory)
II. The Age of Napoleon and the
Triumph of Romanticism
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
The Consulate in France
Napoleon’s Empire
European Respond to the Empire
The Congress of Vienna & European
Settlement
F. The Romantic Movement
G. Romantic Literature
A. The Rise of Napoleon Bonaparte
1. Rose to power after the Thermidorian
Reaction by defending the new regime on
Oct 1795 against a rebellion
2. In Nov 1799 Napoleon overtherew the
Directory though a coup d’etat, issued the
the Constitution of Year VIII
a) Est. him as ruler
b) Formed the Consulate
B. The Consulate in France
(1799- 1804)
1. The consulate was composed of three consuls but
Napoleon retained all of the power as First Consul
a) His constitution was overwhelmingly approved in a
plebiscite
2. Bonaparte made peace with France’s enemies,
restored peace and order at home, requiring loyalty
from those he employed from every political faction.
3. Ruthless and efficient in suppressing opposition
4. Made peace with the Catholic church in the
Concordat of 1801
5. In 1802 a plebiscite ratified Napoleon as consul for life
a) Napoleonic Code 1804 (codified all French laws)
C. Napoleon’s Empire (1804- 14)
1. In 1804, Napoleon crowns himself Napoleon I
a) Conquered much of Europe
2. Limitless soldiers because of a levee en masse
3. Third Coalition
a) William Pitt the Younger formed this group that wanted to
persuade Austria and Russia to move against French
aggression in Germany
4. British defeat Napoleon’s navy at the Battle of
Trafalgar
5. In 1806, Napoleon is recognized as the king of Italy
6. In 1806, Napoleon organizes the Confederation of the
Rhine which led to the dissolution of the Holy Roman
Empire
D. European Response to the Empire
1. Napoleonic Code is est. to all lands
conquered by Napoleon
2. Removed the Spanish Bourbons and put his
brother in the throne
3. Invaded Russia in 1812, invasion failed
4. Napoleon abdicated his throne in 1814 and
was exiled to Elba
E. The Congress of Vienna
1. Congress of Vienna
a)
b)
c)
d)
Lasted more than a year
Included England, Prussia, Russia, Austria
France should not be allowed to dominate Europe again
Leaders restored the French Bourbon monarchy to pacify France
(Louis XVIII)
e) Boundary settlement was est.
2. Battle of Waterloo
a) Napoleon returns from exile but is defeated once again at the
Battle of Waterloo
b) Sent to St. Helena
3. Quadruple Alliance
a) Between Austria, Prussia Russia, England
b) Maintain the balance of power in Europe
c) Suppressed revolutionary ideas of nationalism
F. The Romantic Movement
1. Reaction against thought of the Enlightenment
a) Writers rejected the ideas of the philosophes
b) Wanted to interpret nature in terms of their experience
with their reaction to it, rather than through categories
2. Role of the individual and importance of individual
culture was elevated
3. Nationalism spread and developed throughout
Europe
4. Influences
1. Rousseau- Emile
2. Kant-
G. Romantic Literature
1. Authors
1. Victor Hugo- France
III. The Conservative Order and the
Challenges of Reform (1815- 32)
A. The Challenges of Nationalism and Liberalism
B. Conservative Governments: The Domestic
Political Order
C. Conservative International Order
A. Challenges of Nationalism and
Liberalism
1. Nationalists opposed the Congress of Vienna
a) because it did not allow for individual representation of
ethnic groups
b) Monarchies were reinstated and land was redistributed
c) Rise of Nationalism
2. Liberalism
a) Anything or anyone that challenged their own political,
social or religious values
b) Influenced by Enlightenment writers and the F.R.
c) Sought legal equality, religious toleration and freedom of
speech
d) Ideas of Adam Smith were pop among econ liberals
B. Conservative Governments: The
Domestic Political Order
1. Conservatism- dominated by monarchies, landed
aristocracies, and est. churches
2. Metternich (Austrian Prince) –
a) embodied conservatism
b) Did NOT want to recognize minority rights because he felt it
would destroy his empire
3. Frederick III (Prussia)a) Resisted efforts by German nationalists to dissolve the
Conservative Order
b) Reneged on his pledge to to create a constitutional govt.
o
In response a group of students that wanted German unification form
Burschenschaften
C. Conservative International Order
1. Concert of Europe
a)
b)
c)
Major European powers meet informally to discuss their
differences
Worked well until 1820 when Spanish king Ferdinand VII
violated his promise to govern according the written
constitution
Revolution in Naples begins and countries disagree on course
of action
2. Other movements of ind.
1.
2.
3.
Greek Rev. 1821
Serbia 1830
Latin America (Haiti, Brazil, Venezuela, Mexico, Paraguay,
Uruguay and Argentina gain sovereignty)
IV. Economic Advance and Social
Unrest (1830- 50)
A. Toward an Industrial Society
B. The Labor Force
C. Family Structures and the Industrial
Revolution
D. Classical Economics
E. Early Socialism
F. 1848: Year of Revolutions
D. Classical Economics
1. Laissez faire
1. Adam Smith- Wealth of Nations
1. Mechanism of the market place- invisible hand
2. Limited govt. intervention
2. Malthus- Essay on the Principle of Population
1. Pop will eventually outstrip the food supply
Increase
2. Chastity and small families
wages
3. Ricardo1. “iron law of wages”
Less kids
More kids
Wages
fall
F. 1848: Year of Revolutions
1. Liberalist and Nationalist Revolutions
a) France=“Second Republic” Louis Napoleon Bonaparte
•
France returns to dictatorship
2. Hapsburg lands
a) Revolts in Hungary and Austria
3. Pan- Slavic Congress (Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Croats,
Slovenes, and Serbs)
a) Called for national equality of Slavs
b) Protested the repression of all Slavic peoples
4. Revolts in Italy and Germany were suppressed
5. Liberal era ends
V. The Age of Nation- States
A. The Crimean War (1853- 56)
B. Italian Unification
C. German Unification
A. The Crimean War (1853- 56)
1. Outbreak of War
a) Grew out of a rivalry between the Ottoman Empire
and Russia
b) A war among major European states ensued with
France and Britain declaring war on Russia
c) Austria and Prussia remained neutral
2. End of War
a) Russia falls to French and British
b) Matter is settled with the Treaty of Paris (1856)
c) Concert of Europe is broken
B. Italian Unification
1. Nationalists hoped for Italian unification but Italian
statesmen disagreed on how to accomplish this task
2. Romantic republican nationalism was led by Giuseppe
Mazzini (1805- 1872) who founded the Young Italy
Society in an effort to kick Austria out of the
peninsula
3. Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807- 1882) along with the other
Giuseppe led insurrections in the 1830s and 1850s
4. Between 1852- 60 Italy was turned into a nation state
governed by a constitutional monarchy
C. German Unification
1. The construction of a unified Germany was one of the most
important political developments in Europe between 1848 and
1914 because it altered the balance of power
2. 1862- William I of Prussia is supported by Otto von Bismarck who
moves against the liberal Parliament and seeks support for
unifying Germany through a war with Denmark
a)
Bismarck supports the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein in their
efforts to stay independent of Denmark
Prussia and Austria defeat Denmark in 1864
b)
•
•
c)
Bismarck’s prestige is elevated
War between Prussia and Austria breaks out over the administration of
Holstein and Schleswig
Seven Weeks’ War
•
d)
Austria is defeated in 1866, Prussia becomes the only major power among
German states
1867, North Confederation formed with Bismarck representing the
King of Prussia as President
•
Germany was now a military monarchy which had successfully crushed
Prussian liberalism
Franco Prussian War (1870- 71)
1. Enabled Bismarck to bring the states of
southern Germany into the confederation
2. Bismarck orchestrates a war by provoking
France against Prussia and the southern
German states join Prussia against Napoleon
III
a) Germans beat the French
b) Capture Napoleon III
c) German Empire is proclaimed