The
th
19
Century
The Congress of Vienna, 1814-15
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Metternich (Austria)
Talleyrand (France)
Alexander I of Russia
Louis XVIII of France
Netherlands created
Prussia got Rhineland
Switzerland neutral
Russia gets Finland
and Poland
• Norway/Sweden
Greek War of Independence, 18211832
• Ipsilantis
• Lack of support
• Execution of
Patriarch Gregory
• Alexander’s Third
Rome complex
• Lord Byron – Don
Juan
• First European
ethnic state
1848 Revolutions: “When France
sneezes, Europe catches a cold.”
Revolutions
• France – King LouisPhilippe, 2nd republic
• Budapest – Magyars
• Prague, Vienna
• Prussia – Kaiser Frederick
Wilhelm IV, Prussian
assembly in Berlin,
Frankfurt Assembly
• Young Italy Movement –
Mazzini, Republic of Rome
Results
• France – absolutist Louis
Napoleon
• Austria – Franz Josef I
• Prussia – aristocrats in
assembly
• Mazzini – France and
Austria
The Communist Manifesto, 1848
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Published in London
Marx and Engels
Bourgeoisie
Proletarians
Capitalism
Exploitation
Private property
Prior revolutions
Inevitable revolution
Russia after Peter the Great
• Catherine the Great 17621796 – wife of Peter III, golden
age, The Hermitage, Alaska,
Russo-Turkish Wars, “Star of
the North”, enlightenment
• Alexander I 1801-1825–
grandson, Napoleon
relationship, Ottoman Empire,
Greek independence
• Nicholas I 1825-1855– RussoTurkish War, Crimean War
• Alexander II `1855-1881 –
freed the serfs, planned Duma,
assassinated by The People’s
Will
Growth of Russian Empire
The Crimean War, 1853-1856
• Fear of Russian Empire
• Nicholas I
• Russia vs.
France/UK/Austria/Ottom
an Empire/Sardinia
• Balaclava, Siege of
Sevastopol
• Florence Nightingale
• The Charge of the Light
Brigade by Tennyson, Earl
of Cardigan
Charge of the Light Brigade
by Tennyson
Half a league, half a league,
Half a league onward,
All in the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred.
“Forward, the Light
Brigade!
Charge for the guns!” he
said.
Into the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred.
“Forward, the Light
Brigade!”
Was there a man dismayed?
Not though the soldier knew
Someone had blundered.
Theirs not to make reply,
Theirs not to reason why,
Theirs but to do and die.
Into the valley of Death
Rode the six hundred.
Queen Victoria, 1837-1901
• Queen of GB and Ireland
(UK)
• Married Prince Albert
• Also Empress of India
• 63 year reign, last
Hanover
• Irish Potato Famine 18451852
• “Victorian” – strict
personal morality, style of
furniture
The First Opium War, 1839-1842
• 1832 – Jardine, Matheson
&Co. in Canton
• Traders losing money
• India’s opium harvest
• 1839 – factory raids
• 1840 – British fleet in
Pearl River delta
• 1842 – Treaty of Nanking,
aka “unequal treaty” –
five open ports, Hong
Kong, Shanghai
Letter to Queen Victoria from Lin Zixu,
1839
Suppose there were people from another country who carried opium for sale to England
and seduced your people into buying and smoking it; certainly your honorable ruler would deeply
hate it and be bitterly aroused. We have heard heretofore that your honorable ruler is kind and
benevolent. Naturally you would not wish to give unto others what you yourself do not want. We
have also heard that the ships coming to Canton have all had regulations promulgated and given to
them in which it is stated that it is not permitted to carry contraband goods. This indicates that the
administrative orders of your
honorable rule have been originally strict and clear. Only because the trading ships are numerous,
heretofore perhaps they have not been examined with care. Now after this communication has been
dispatched and you have clearly understood the strictness of the prohibitory laws of the Celestial Gourt,
certainly you will not let your subjects dare again to violate the law.
We have further learned that in London, the capital of your honorable rule, and in Scotland,
Ireland, and other places, originally no opium has been produced. Only in several places of India under
your control such as Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Patna, Benares, and Malwa has opium been planted from
hill to hill, and ponds h ave been opened for its manufacture. For months and years wark is continued in
order to accumulate the poison. The obnoxious odor ascends, irritating heaven and frightening the
spirits. Indeed you, O King, can eradicate the opium plant in these places, hoe over the fields entirely,
and sow in its stead the five grains [millet, barley, wheat, etc.]. Anyone who dares again attempt to plant
and manufacture opium should be severely punished. This will really be a great, benevolent
government policy that will increase the common weal and get rid of evil. For this, Heaven must support
you and the spirits must bring you good fortune, prolonging your old age and extending your
descendants. All will depend on this act.
Second Opium War
• 1856 – taking of The
Arrow caused war
• Enforcement of Treaty of
Nanking
• More demands
• UK and France v. China
• 1858 – Treaty of Tianjin
legalized opium trade,
opened China to other
nations, missionary
movement
Napoleon III,
• Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte,
president of 2nd republic
1848-1852
• Emperor 1852 - 1870
• 1866 Austro-Prussian War –
Austria/Italy v. Prussia,
France neutral
• Mexico
• Archduke Maximilian of
Austria
• 1865 - USA’s Civil War ends
• Manet, Salon de Refuses
Austro-Prussian War, 1866
Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71
• Napoleon III, King
Wilhelm I
• Chancellor Otto von
Bismarck
• German unity
• The Ems Dispatch
• Hohenzollern heir in
Spain
• Battle of Sedan, captured
• Treaty of Frankfurt –
Alsace-Lorraine to Prussia
• Retired to Britain
Unification of Italy 1871, Risorgimento
• Metternich: “Italy is just a
geographical expression.”
• Northern Italy – Austrian
Empire weakened by war
• 1848 – Roman republic,
Mazzini, Garibaldi, Napoleon
III and the Papal States
• “Where we will be, there will
be Rome”
• 1861 - Handed Italy to Victor
Emmanuel II, first king of Italy
• Offered services to Lincoln
• 1870 – France pulled out (F-P
War)
Risorgimento map
European Colonization of Africa:
“White Man’s Burden”
• Raw materials,
missionaries, social
Darwinism, racism
• Cecil Rhodes – South
Africa, De Beers,
Zambesia, Rhodesia,
Zimbabwe, Zambia,
Rhodes Scholarship
• Cape to Cairo Red Line
– The French,
Portuguese Pink Map
• Dr. Livingstone
• Heart of Darkness by
Joseph Conrad
Origins of First Boer War, 1880-81
• Boer – Dutch for
“farmer”
• Congress of Vienna
1815
• Changes in Cape
Colony
• The Great Trek Voortrekkers leave
Cape Colony and est.
Natal, Transvaal and
Orange FS (1830s)
• Britain vs. Boers
The Battle of Blood River (Natal)
Boers vs. Zulu
First Boer War, 1880-81
• 1868 – diamonds in Kimberly
(Transvaal)
• Lord Roberts – took
Bloemfontain, Johannesburg,
Pretoria
• 1877 – Britain annexed
Transvaal
• Zulu War – Battle of Rorke’s
Drift
• 1880 – protest against tax, SAR
declared independence
• Guerrilla warfare, khakis
• 1881 – Pretoria Convention,
PM Gladstone, Queen Victoria
White Man’s Burden by Kipling, 1899
Take up the White Man's burden, Send forth the best ye
breed
Go bind your sons to exile, to serve your captives' need;
To wait in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-Your new-caught, sullen peoples, Half-devil and half-child.
Take up the White Man's burden, In patience to abide,
To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride;
By open speech and simple, An hundred times made
plain
To seek another's profit, And work another's gain.
Second Boer War, 1899-1902
• 1899 - Boers invaded Natal
and Cape Colony
• 1900 - Lord Roberts invaded
Transvaal and took Pretoria
• Guerrilla warfare
• Lord Kitchener - Scorched
earth, “drives”
• Concentration camps
• 1902 – Treaty of Vereeniging –
Transvaal and OFS become
part of British Empire
• 1910 – Union of South Africa
established
Japan: 1603-1867, the Edo Period
• Edo Period - Tokugawa
Shogunate
• 1852-1854 – Commodore
Perry, Fillmore’s letter,
bombardment, response
• 1854 - Kanagawa Treaty ports
• Boshin War 1868-1869–
France and UK
• Fall of Edo (Tokyo)
• Meiji Emperor – Kyoto to
Tokyo
• Meiji Restoration
Meiji Restoration
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Militarization
Industrialization
Education
Diet – parliament
Shinto, emperor
worship
• 1894-95 – SinoJapanese War – gained
Taiwan
Spanish-American War
• The Maine
• Battle of Manila Bay –
Dewey
• Battle of San Juan Hill –
Rough Riders, Roosevelt
• Treaty of Paris – Guam,
Puerto Rico, Philippines
• Malaria
• Yellow journalism
• Expansionism