Napoleon
France at War
• 1792- Austria/Prussia
– Battle of Valmy
– Savoy and Nice annexed
• British stopped in Toulon
• Revolution saved- Thermidorian ReactionDirectory come to power
• Directory period- war continues
From Reform to Reactionary?
• Pitt
– Reformer- early 1790s Suppresses
• Joseph II Ref->Leopold II reverses-> Francis IIcounterrevolution
• Frederick William II- church and aristocracy to
the rescue
• Catherine- burns voltaire’s works- exiles
reformers
OK I see why Austria/Prussia- but why
the others?
• 1792-France invades Austrian Netherlands
(Belgium)
• National Convention-> ideological movementfree others!
• Violate Britain/Holland Treaty when declare
Dutch river open to all
• 1793 FIRST COALITION—
Austria/prussia/gb/holland/spain/sardinia
Napoleon and Toulon
• 1793- Napoleon ousts GB from Toulon
– Brigadier General
• NEXT->Enter Italy- Austrian possession• By 1797 Austria out—Treaty of Campo Fiormio
– Napoleon=Hero
– Control Italy and Switzerland
• Prussia out of War too
• Napoleon to Egypt—Ottoman possession to
harm GB
Loss?
• GB already possesses Gibralter (1713)- major
trade w/India-strongest Navy
– Strong relations w/Portugal
• Nelson- defeated France• Russia nervous enters the Fray
• Second Coalition formsRussia/Austria/British/Ottomans
Death is nothing, but to live
defeated and inglorious is to die daily
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Napoleon
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Corsica new possession France (1768)
Italian speaking
Attended Military Academy @9yrs old
21 as FR begins
Follower of Enlightenment
Loner-Corsican and Italian1796- Paris “fired grapeshot” conservative
As per Wellington...I used to say of him that his presence
on the field made a difference of 40,000 men
Qualities
• Innovative, instinctive, charismatic,
– Canning of food
– An army marches on its stomach
• Travelled w/troops -On the troops
– A man does not have himself killed for a halfpence
ad day or for a petty distinction, you must speak to
the soul in order to electrify the man
• Great Tactician
• Read and follow maps- excellent in math
In Italy I realized I was a superior being and conceived the
ambition of performing great things
1799-1802
• Coup d’etat
• Directory—3 consuls—Napoleon 1st Consul
– Abbe Sieyes helped him to power
• Foreign campaign
– Second Coalition- fracturing Russia leaves
– 1800-1802 new hostilities Austria—defeated again
– Treaty of Amiens—w/Britain
1803-1804
• North America
– Attempt Suppression Haiti Rebellion(restores
Slavery?)
• Failed- Led to sale Louisiana Purchase (recently
regained from Spain)
– France dominates Austrian possessions in HRE
– Britain redeclares War
– William Pitt 3rd Coalition- Russia, Austria
• Trafalgar (1805)- Invasion Britain done with
• Austria– Marches to Vienna
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Battle of Austerlitz 1806
Treaty of Pressburg->Napoloen the “King of Italy
1809- Austria resurrects
Battle of Wagram-loses
• Treaty of Schonbrunn more losses
• Germany
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Battle of Jena
Creates Confederation of Rhine
Duchy of Warsaw
Prussia
• Berlin Decrees
• Captures E. Prussia
• Treaty of Tilsit
– Emasculates Prussia- permianent reduction in forces—Treaty signed
by Tsar?- Prussian troops max 42k
On the BritishA nation of Shopkeepers
• HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE DISSOLVED
• Russia
– Battle of Friedland
– Treaty of Tilsit
• Duchy of Warsaw created
• Milan Decree 1807---Continental system
– Note—tariff policy favored France—built resentment
• 1807 Spain problem begins- French enter troops to stop
smuggling—Goya painting
– Penninsular Campaign
– Smuggling through Portugal undermining–
• TAKES SWEDEN TOO! (caught in the middle—will lose
Finland)
A dynasty?
• Napoleon- married Josephine much older->
Later marries, Maria Louisa—daughter Francis
I
• stepson- Italy
• Brother- Spain
• Brother- King of Westphalia, Brother – King of
Holland Brother-in-law King of Naples, sisterGrand Duchess of Tuscany
• French Marschall ->King of Sweden
• Son king of Rome
3rd of May
1808
Arousing Nationalism
• Alienated?- Beethoven’s Eroica (3rd Symphony)
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Tqiro1kdRlw
• The Good -Code of Napoleon, End of Serfdom,
Religious Toleration
• The Bad- Illegal assassinations (Bourbon in German
state), unfair econ. Trade. Family members in charge
• Spain- resentment of heavy handedness- all levels of
Unintended Consequences• >Germany->movement towards a country
(Buschenschaften ch.21)! Intellectuals and
“enlightened military” (Russia too—see
Decembrists ch 21) ->build morale through
“best practices”
• Stoked fire of Nationalism in other countries
too Ireland!!!
Heading Back
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100 days
Escapes Elba
Louis XVIII ousted- promised peace
Coalition- none of it
– Battle of Waterloo
– Welling and Prussian Marshall Blucer win 1815
• St. Helena
The Beginning of the End
• Peninsular Campaign
– Sapping troops- guerilla warfare- general discontent by all
factions population
– Wellington and Brits stand up-
• Continental System fails
– Smuggling, Latin American, East Med. Opportunities
• 1810 Russia withdraws
– 1 Million v. 160k
– Battle of Borodino Napoleon loss
– 1812 Napoleon moves west---900k+ lost
• 1813-Russia/Prussia/Austria/Britain
– Battle of Leipzig (Battle of Nations) Napoleon loses
• Napoleon abdicates sent to Elba
My true glory is not to have won forty battles...Waterloo will
erase the memory of so many victories...But what nothing will
destroy, what will forever is my Civil Code
Napoleon at Home
• What is a throne? — a bit of wood gilded and covered in
velvet. I am the state
• As per Napoleon- “loves power as a musician loves his
violin”
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Attacked threats—Jacobins and Conservatives
– Secret Police, Assassinations, Censorship, (eg. Germanine de Stael)
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Stabilized the money supply- Bank of France, infrastructure improvement
– Price Ceilings Food
– Strikes still illegal- Worker’s limited power
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Code Napoleon-ON the Civil Code
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Merit System- prefects
All religions have been made by men.
Concordat with Church• I do not see in religion the mystery of the
incarnation so much as the mystery of the
social order. It introduces into the thought of
heaven an idea of equalization, which saves
the rich from being massacred by the poor.
• A deist at most, most likely an atheist
– Men who do not believe in God--one does not
govern the, one shoots them.
Education
• Promoted Education,
– Celibate Teachers?
– Secular
– used for Propaganda purposes too
• School lessons in Napoleonic France
What are the duties of Christians with respect to the princes who
govern them, and what in particular are our duties toward Napoleon I,
our Emperor?
• A. Christians owe to the princes who govern them, and we owe in
particular to Napoleon, our emperor, love, respect, obedience, fidelity,
military service:...we also owe him prayers for his safety
• Q. Why are we bound to all these duties towards our Emperor
• A. first of all, because God, who creates emperors, and distributes
them according to his will, in loading our Emperor with gifts, both in
peace and war, has established him as our sovereign...to honor and to
serve our Emperor is then to honor and to serve god himself.
Fathers/Husbands increased power
• ON Marriage
the husband must possess the absolute power
and right to say to his wife: Madam, you shall
not go out, you shall not go to the theater, you
shall not receive such and such a person, for
the children you shall bear shall be mine
..for girls ...marriage is their whole destination
Aftermath
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Talleyrand
Castlereagh
Metternich
Tsar
Congress of Vienna ->Quadruple AllianceConcert of Europe
– Collective Security
Conservatism
• Restoration->Bourbon-> Louis xviii
• Austrian Netherlands-absorbed Netherlands
(by 1830->Belgium)
• HRE out->German States
• Austria- gains back North Italy
• Prussia Expanded
• Russia dominates Grand Duchy Poland