Chapter 6
Talk about the
Greek and Roman
Art forms.
Ancient Greece
Flat
images
Attention to
the body,
Muscles
7 years ago, in 2009, the Zeus debates began.
Lesson 1 Vocabulary -Geography
• Peninsula
• Colony
• Attica
• Peloponnesus
• Crete
• Rhodes
• Phoenicia
1. “Aegean World”
• Aegean – sea north of the
Mediterranean Sea
• Site of Ancient Greece
• Lots of peninsulas…islands too
• Major peninsulas – Attica &
Peloponnesus
• Major islands- Crete & Rhodes
2. Rugged Lands
•
•
•
•
Mountains
Mt. Olympus – highest peak
Little fertile land
Lots of narrow valleys: small
streams only
• Crops: olives, grapes
• Goats: raised for wool, cheese,
milk
Most Greeks ate fairly simple foods, which were
cooked in olive oil over charcoal on an open fire in
the kitchen.
Can you unscramble these foods and drinks of the
Ancient Greeks?
•
•
•
•
•
hecsee
vilose
nihkcec
kiml
pegars
•
•
•
•
•
•
derab
niew
sigf
hisf
tifur
yenho
3. The Role of the Sea
• Depended on sea for food
and sea travel
• Sea travel:
– Linked Greeks to other lands
– Contact with other civilizations
– Became accomplished
sailors
3. The Role of the Sea
cont’d
• TRIREMES –
– Major sailing vessels
– 150 ft long, used 50 oars
– 3 groups of oarsmencaptured P.O.Ws = Prisoners
of War.
– Had 30 supervisors
– Used by merchants, fishers
– Traded with Nile delta people
– fast
4. Mediterranean Colonies
• People from Phoenicia
–Great sailors
–Not part of Greece
• Colonies: settlement of new
lands
- Greeks compete w/
Phoenicians for colonies
5. Exchange of Ideas
• Phoenicians had 22 symbols
• Greeks borrowed many of the
symbols
• Created the ALPHABET
• Revised b/c cuneiforms were
too long and took up too much
space
The Greek Alphabet
• The alphabet we use today was
derived from the Ancient Greek
alphabet. The word “alphabet”
itself comes from the first two
letters of the Greek alphabet –
“alpha” and “beta.”
• It came from the Phoenicians who
were located East of Greece and
NW of Egypt on Asia .
Let’s Try!
•Volunteers to
say the
alphabet
Lesson 2
Greek City
States
Sparta and Athens
**Read about these city-states
in the separate pkt
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aGa_qAqpNj0
P/T Conferences
Lesson 2 Vocabulary
• polis
• Sparta
• Athens
• helot
Parthenon
Athena
Acropolis
agora
The POLIS
• Polis: Greek name for a citystate
• The city and the land around it
• People obey laws of the
leaders
• Mostly on the coast of Greece
• Sparta & Athens the most
powerful
SPARTA=War and Valorbravery and courage
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QkWS9PiXekE
Sparta
• On southern Peloponnesus
• Military/warlike
• Developed a strong army- made them
more self-disciplined
• https://youtu.be/MEJayUynde4formation
• Conquered foreign lands
• Conquered people were called HELOTS
• HELOTS farmed the land
• HELOTS revolted
Life in Sparta
• Controlled by MILITARY GOV’T
• Children were judged at birth. If they were strong….LIVED!
• Children were children of the state more than of their parents. They
were raised to be soldiers, loyal to the state, strong and selfdisciplined. It began at birth. When a Spartan baby was born,
soldiers came to the house and examined it carefully to determine its
strength. The baby was bathed in wine rather than water, to see its
reaction. If a baby was weak, the Spartans left it on the hillside or
took it away to become a slave (helot). The Spartans were
particularly picky about their children. It was not just a matter of the
family, the city-state decided the fate of the child. Noted for their
bravery
• Boys – military training-what age?
• Girls- sports, wrestling, trained to defend and run their
estates
• Women – couldn’t vote-but offered their opinions on public
matters.
Sparta’s Food Preference
• As part of their harsh way of life, the
Spartans took pride in how little care they
gave to preparing food and how little
pleasure they took in eating it.
• “Hunger is the best seasoning for food,” they
proclaimed.
• After finishing a meal, a visitor to a Spartan
military dining hall said, “Now I understand
why the Spartans do not fear death.”
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rcp-P9T5CcU
Athens
• By the sea
• Center of trade
• Skilled sailors
• Freedom was cherished
• People were encouraged to
gain knowledge
The Acropolis
Parthenon
Acropolis
Life in Athens
All began in Athens:
Democracy, Theater,
Myths, Philosophy,
Olympics
• Agoras = central
market places
• Agoras had
– Temples
– Activities
– Students
– Merchants from all
over the world
The Acropolis- con’t
• Acropolis – ACRO – high POLIS –
city
• Religious, gov’t and defense
purposes
• Largest building is the Parthenon –
a temple dedicated to ATHENAused once as a church, mosque and
then storage for ammunition which
explode in 1687.
• ATHENA – Greek goddess of
wisdom, protector of Athens
DO NOW:
• Please decide which polis you would
prefer to live in: Athens or Sparta?
• Be ready to support your reason as to
why?
The Persian Wars
As well as the ancient Greek city-states, other
civilizations were located around the Mediterranean Sea,
one of which was ancient Egypt. One of the most
powerful and well organized of these civilizations was the
Persian Empire.
The Persian Empire was huge. It started in Turkey
and stretched all the way to the ancient Indus River
Valley. The Greeks still had outposts [BASES] in Turkey.
The Greeks sent supplies to help some of these citystates in their struggle to remain independent. The
Persians did not appreciate that.
The Persians sent warriors to the
Greek peninsula to squash the Greeks.
They attempted three times to conquer
the Greeks at the famous battles of
Thermopylae, Marathon, and Salamis.
Each time, the Greeks drove them away.
Xerxes, [ZERK-ZEES] the Persian
King, could not believe that the tiny
Greeks had defeated his capable warriors.
Xerxes got mad. Conquering the Greeks
was no longer his goal. He wanted them
wiped out entirely. To do so, he sent a
huge number of Persian ships to the
Greek peninsula.
Persian War 1 – Persia at Thermopylae
https://youtu.be/Ftl6hjmqSnA
The Persian War
• Plains to Marathon: 26.2 miles from
Athens
• Spartans prepare again for the
battle against the Persians
• Spartans defeated
• Athenians seek revenge in Salamis
on Persians..WIN!
Persians Return at Marathon- War 2Slaughter many Spartans
The King of Persia swore revenge on Athens. In
490BCE, Persian ships carried about 20,000
warriors to Marathon, a flat plain twenty-six
miles from Athens. The Persians planned to
use Marathon as a base from which to attack,
but a spy alerted Athens. The Athenian army
was outnumbered by about two to one, but
they marched through the night to make a
surprise attack on the Persian forces at dawn.
The frightened Persians fled to their ships and
retreated from Greece.
Persians Return at Marathon- War 2Slaughter many Spartans
Xerxes was so sure he was going to win this
third battle that he had his servants bring his
chair along to the war. Xerxes and some of his
friends sat in comfort at the top of a cliff
overlooking the Greek harbor, so they could
watch the Greeks die. Instead, Xerxes watched
his own men die. The Greeks had small ships.
They moved quickly. They tossed burning wood
aboard the huge, cumbersome [weighty]
Persian ships. The Persian ships quickly caught
fire. The Persians had to abandon ship. Those
Persians who made it to shore were met by the
terrifying Spartan army. It was a slaughter. Xerxes
escaped, but most of the Persians warriors were
killed.
Persian Return again-Athens
prepared- Salamis
P
E
R
S
I
A
The Glory of Athens
• After the Persian War, Athens
emerged as the leader of
Greece
• Ideas of government and
culture began to grow
• Spartans aren’t happy.
Lesson 3
The Birth of
Democracy
LEGACY = passing down of one’s culture and civilizations from
generations to generations.
`How someone or a civilization will be remembered.
Lesson 3 Vocabulary
• Monarchy
• Assembly
• Tyranny
• Pericles
• Oligarchy
• Women’s
• Dem cracy rights
1. Building a Just Government
• MONARCHY –
ruled by one, king
or queen
• TYRANNY – ruled
by force
• OLIGARCHY –
ruled by the noble
[rich] families
2.Democracy
“Deemo Krat tee a”
• Democracy: power of the people,
citizens make the laws
• Athens made the 1st democracy
• Assembly: lawmaking body of a
democracy
• Assembly= 18 members, citizens
18+yrs, males-born from Athenian
parents
• Assembly met at the Acropolis
DEMOCRACY THEN AND NOW
In Athens:
Direct Democracy
In America:
Representative
Democracy
1. All citizens met as a
group to debate and vote
directly on every issue.
1. Citizens elect
representatives to debate
and vote on issues.
2. Citizens created laws,
enforced laws, and acted
as judges.
2. Citizens select some
people to create laws,
enforce laws, and others to
be judges.
3. Only free males could
vote. Women and slaves
couldn’t. Voting=
Raising your hands
3. Men and women who
are citizens have the right
to vote.
3. Age of Pericles
• Pericles: leader- 1 of 10 Generalsduring the Peloponnesus War
• Passed laws to strengthen
democracy –how did they vote?
raised their hands for all to see
EX: males on juries ( poor or rich)
paid if on jury, right to a trial
• Different from the Code of
Hammurabi – (spoons)
Supreme Court
Riverhead, NY
Show jury duty papers
4. Not “Justice for All!”
• Democracy was not for
everyone
• Women had no vote
• Slaves: no role in
government
Langston Hughes
• “I swear to the Lord, I [still]
can’t see why Democracy is
everyone, but me!
• Who’s me, in regards to
our Ancient Greece unit?
5. One Legacy of
Athens: Democracy
• Athens left a lasting
impression on the United
States. How?
Lesson 4
More Legacies of
Ancient Greece
https://youtu.be/hsU24D42PgQ
Think about WHAT LEGACY she has left us?
7 minutes
Lesson 4 vocabulary
• Myth
• Zeus
• Homer
• epics
• Olympics
• theater
• comedy
• tragedy
• Philosophy
• Socrates
• Plato
1. Religion
• Gods control the
• Athena = special
protector
• Greeks were
polytheists
• Set of myths:
stories about their
gods & goddessesto explain natural
and human
experiences
• Humans die, gods
are eternal
universe
• EX: ZEUS: ruler
of the gods, and
the weather
• Gods were like
family to the
Greeks
• Gods are
stronger than
humans
2. Homer’s Epics
• Homer: poet, special purposelast great poet to tell about the
Trojan War
• Epics: Homer’s long poems
• Epics: adventurous stories which
taught them what their gods
were like and how the noblest of
heroes behaved.
• Ex: The Iliad [Trojan War] &
The Odyssey
[Odysseus’ Journeys]
Created by Pierre De Coubertin in 1914.
• “The Olympic flag [...] has
a white background, with
five interlaced rings in the
centre: blue, yellow, black,
green and red [...]
• This design is symbolic ; it
represents the five
inhabited continents of the
world, united, while the six
colors are those that
appear on all the national
flags of the world at the
present time.”—Pierre De
Coubertin (1931)
DO NOW:
On the back of your
packet1.
Why 5 rings?
2.
Why these colors?
In 1916, 1940, and
1944 there weren’t
any Olympics. Why?
3. Ancient Olympic Games
• Festival of ZEUS at Olympiaunder the HOT August
• Won crown of olive leaves
• Women could not compete –
until 1940• Women owned horses. If
their horse won the race,
they could win
• 1st modern Olympic =1896
Fought for the AFTERLIFE!!
• The Greeks did not
believe in the
afterlife, like the
Egyptians, but they
fought for the
afterlife: To always
be remembered in
statues and
paintings.
View movie on the first
Olympics
• 15 minutes
• Act 1 and 2 Only
• Stop at “timeline”
• There are 5 Olympic rings.
Why?
• The colors of the Olympic rings
are Blue, Black, Red, Yellow,
Green. Why?
4. Theater
• Started from religious festivals
• Took place in outdoor theaters
• Dionysus - god of pleasure- gather to
honor him
• Week long event at the Acropolis
• All had to attend. Educational
• Prisoners were released w/supervision
• Writers received prizes
• Happy or sad themes
• Poor were allowed in for free
5.
Tragedy and Comedy
• Tragedies: Aeschylus – plays where life
is taken seriously and has a sad ending.
[WARS] Performed in the mornings.
• He won 13 festivals in a row!
• Comedies: Aristophanes: - funny plays
with happy endings. Made fun of
important people. Performed in the late
afternoon, evenings.
Abbott and Costello’s Who’s on First- ~1945
https://youtu.be/WQXwt83hYkE
DO NOW: Find this slide in your packet
and tell me what it means to you.
Circumstances and situations
do color life, but you have
been given the mind to
choose what the color shall
be. John Homer Miller [CE 1904 -1994 ]
6. Wisdom
• Philosophy means “love of
wisdom”
• Greeks searched for answers for
their role in the universe
• http://www.newsday.com/longisland/bethpage-high-school-team-winsregional-ethics-bowl-1.10077443
6. Wisdom –cont’d
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Socrates: famous Greek philosopher
Motto: Know Thyself
https://youtu.be/941OKdKmq9Q 3.5
Socrates: challenged/questioned Athenian values,
examined laws, asked why things were the way they
were
He approached the young in Greece because they were
the most influential, not yet “corrupted” by adults
Socrates: Athenians became frightened and he was
arrested b/c people thought he was trying to start a
revolt. He was dishonoring the gods and misleading the
young people.
Socrates: poisoned while in prison
https://youtu.be/Vhqrpb95A48- Groovy Greeks
SCRUPLES: to hesitate or be reluctant to do something
that one thinks may be wrong.
• You find an expensive pen in a public lounge. Do you
keep it?
• You are waiting in your car at a red light at 4 a.m.
There isn't a car in sight. Do you go through the
light?
• In a parking lot, you accidentally dent someone's car.
Do you leave a note taking responsibility?
• When cleaning up, you find your sister's diary. Do
you read it?
• You find a wallet containing $300 in cash. There is an
address. Do you keep the money but return the
wallet?
6. Wisdom– cont’d
• Plato: one of Socrates’
students.
• He wrote Socrates’ ideas
down for all to read
• Plato taught Aristotle.
• Aristotle taught Alexander
the Great.
• Opened the first Academy
for learning about
philosophy.
Great Thinkers and
Visionaries
• Throughout history, there have been
worries and disappointments. People
often turned to philosophers to help
them understand.
– Socrates, Plato, Aristotle, The Buddha, King
Solomon
• Read folktale – The Wise Master, The Lion and
Rabbit
Although Solomon was young,
he soon became known for his
wisdom. The first and most
famous incident of his cleverness
as a judge was when two
women came to his court with a
baby whom both women claimed
as their own. Solomon
threatened to split the baby in
half. One woman was prepared
to accept the decision, but the
other begged the King to give
the live baby to the other
woman. Solomon then knew the
second woman was the mother.
Lesson 5
Spread of
Greek Ideas
Sparta + Persia against Athens
The Peloponnesian War
This was a war fought between Sparta and Athens. It lasted 27
years. Sparta and Athens were always in disagreement. They did
not get along. But 27 years! It was a terrible war.
When war broke out, everyone who lived in the countryside
around Athens fled to the city to escape the Spartan attacks. The
city was not ready for that many people to move in. They did not
have enough food or water or shelter, or a way to handle that much
waste and garbage. By the third year of fighting, more than half
the population of Athens had died of illness. More died in battle. It
was a horrible time. The war dragged on. Other city-states got
involved. Finally, Athens surrendered.
Sparta was generous in victory. Corinth [another nearby city-state]
wanted Athens leveled. They never wanted to put up with this
bickering and warring again. But Sparta said no. The Spartans
admired bravery and Athens had shown true bravery. Instead, for
the next ten years, Athens was an outpost of Sparta, under Spartan
rule. After ten years, Sparta gave Athens her independence.
Athens began to regain her former glory. But Athens was never
again the shining star of the ancient Greek world. If Athens had
had more time, perhaps, the city might have fully recovered. But
time was running out for all the Greek city-states.
Macedonia, a country to the north/NW of Greece, had eyed
Greece's splendor for some time. The king of Macedonia knew the
Greek city-states were weakened by the Peloponnesian War, the
war between Athens and Sparta. Macedonia would soon move to
conquer all the Greek city-states.
1. Peloponnesian Wars
• Sparta, Persia, and other
city-states unite against
Athens.
• They were jealous of
Athens’ riches
• After 27 years of glory,
then war….Athens was
destroyed.
• Sparta emerged as
triumphant, but
Alexander the Great was
ready to take them
down, and so he did.
2. Alexander the Great
• Son of Philip II, a great
leader, had a son:
Alexander
• Was taught by Aristotlephilosopher
• He loved the Greek
culture and wanted to
spread Greek ideas-every
land he conquered, he
allowed them to keep
their cultural differences
and status.
Alexander’s Empire
He had a vast empire. He died young-at 33
3. Blend of East
and West
• Built cities modeled after
the Greek poli
• Over 70 cities named
Alexandria in our world
• Blended cultures and
customs
• Alexandria, Nile Delta: full
of scholars, sailors,
merchants, finest libraries
and museums
4. Greek Legacies
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Democracy
Juries
Olympics
Myths
Philosophy
Epics
Theater
Architecture
Essay on
Greek
Legacies
You are to write an essay explaining
the RELEVANCE of any three
Greek legacies to our lives today.
Be sure to include facts from our
• class notes
• discussions
• videos
Due at the end of class today or
before test tomorrow.
• The 8 Greek
• Legacies:
1. Democracy
2. Juries
3. Myths
4. Epics
5. Olympics
6. Theater
7. Philosophy
8. Architecture