Medical Terminology
Mrs. Spearman



I can identify and describe the major
functions and structure of the skeletal
systems.
I can differentiate between the axial and
appendicular skeletons.
I can identify the medical specialists who
treat disorders of the skeletal system.

Skeletal system consists of the
1. 206 bones
2. joints





Framework for the body
Support and protect internal organs
Movement possible by joints
Stores calcium which is required for normal
nerve and muscle function
Hematopoiesis: formation of blood cells in
the spongy bone





Periosteum—forms the outermost covering
of bone
Compact bone—dense,hard, and very
strong bone that forms the protective outer
layer of bones
Spongy bone—lighter, compact bone.
◦ Found in the ends of the long bones
◦ Red bone marrow is located within the spongy
bone.
Medullary cavity—located in the shaft of a
long bone
Endosteum—tissue that lines the medullary
cavity
Diaphysis: the shaft of the long bone
Epiphysis: the ends of the long bone

Red bone marrow
◦ Located in spongy bone
◦ Hematopoietic tissue that manufactures
blood cells (red blood cells, hemoglobin,
white blood cells, and thrombocytes).

Yellow bone marrow
◦ Located in the medullary cavity
◦ Fat storage area


Smooth, rubbery, connective tissue that acts
as a shock absorber between bones.
Articular cartilage
◦ Covers the surfaces of bones where they meet to
form joints
◦ Protects the bones from rubbing against each other

Meniscus
◦ Curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints such
as the knee


Also known as articulations
Place of union between two or more bones.



Inflexible layers of connective tissue, hold
bones tightly together
In adults, these joints are know as sutures,
which are found in between the bones of the
skull
In newborns, these joints are called
fontanelles or soft spots
◦ Flexible soft spots make passage through the birth
canal possible


Allow slight movement and consist of bones
connected entirely by cartilage.
Examples:
◦ Costal Cartilage, where the ribs connect to the
sternum
◦ Pubic symphysis cartilaginous joint that allows
some movement of the pubic bones during
childbirth.

Created where two bones articulate to permit
a variety of motions.
◦ Ball and socket joints, such as hips and shoulders
 Allow a wide range of movement
◦ Hinge Joints, such as knees and elbows
 Allow movement in one direction


206 bones are found in the skeleton
Divided into two parts
◦ Axial Skeleton
◦ Appendicular Skeleton

Protects the major organs of the nervous
system, respiratory, and circulatory systems
◦
◦
◦
◦
◦
Consists of 80 bones
Skull
Ribs
Sternum
Vertebral Column



Consists of 126 bones
Makes body movement possible
Consists of the upper extremities (shoulder,
arms, forearms, wrists, and hands) and lower
extremities (hips, thighs, legs, ankles, and
feet)

Chiropractor— $80,000-150,000
◦ Holds a Doctor of Chiropractor degree
◦ Specializes in the manipulative treatment of
disorders originating from misalignment of the
spine.

Orthopedic Surgeon—$307,000-500,00
◦ Also known as an orthopedist
◦ Physician who specializes in diagnosing and
treating diseases and disorders involving the bones,
joints, and muscles.

Podiatrist $119,000-214,000
◦ Doctor of Podiatry
◦ Specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of
the foot


I can identify the components of the synovial
membrane
I can define and pronounce terms related to
the pathology and treatment of the skeletal
system.




Synovial membrane—secretes synovial fluid
Synovial fluid—acts as a lubricant to make the
joint movement smooth
Ligaments—join bones to other bones
Bursa—acts as a cushion to ease movement in
shoulder, elbow, and knee joints

Ankylosis (ankyl/o means crooked, bent, or stiff)
◦ The loss, or absence, of mobility in a joint due to
disease, injury, or a surgical procedure

Arthrosclerosis
◦ Stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly

Bursitis
◦ Inflammation of a bursa

Chondromalacia
◦ The abnormal softening of cartilage

Chondroma
◦ A slow-growing benign tumor derived from cartilage
cells

Costochondritis
◦ Inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to
the sternum

Hallux valgus
◦ Also known as a bunion
◦ Abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of
the great toe

Hemarthrosis
◦ Blood within a joint
◦ Condition due to joint injury
◦ Can spontaneously occur in patients taking bloodthinning medicine
◦ Hemophilia
Bursa- a sac found at joints; it cushions and make movement
easier in areas that are subject to friction such as shoulder,
elbow, and knee joints where a tendon passes over a bone.



Chondr/o: cartilage
-malacia: abnormal softening
Chondromalacia: abnormal softening of
cartilage



Chondr/o: cartilage
-oma: tumor
Benign tumor of cartilage cells




Cost/o: rib
Chondr/o: cartilage
-itis: inflammation
Costochondritis: inflammation of the
cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum

Bunion, abnormal enlargement of the joint at
the base of the great toe

Synovitis
◦ Inflammation of the synovial membrane that results
in swelling and pain of the affected joint
◦ Can be caused by arthritis, trauma, infection or
irritation produced by damaged cartilage

Dislocation
◦ Dislocation (luxation): the total displacement of a
bone from its joint
◦ Subluxation: the partial displacement of a bone
from its joint


Synov/o: synovial membrane ( a membrane that lines
synovial joints and secrete synovial membrane to
make movement of the joint possible)
itis: inflammation (redness, swelling, pain, heat)
http://www.healthline.com/vpvideo/nursemaids-elbow

Inflammatory condition of one or more joints
◦ Osteoarthritis
 Wear-and-tear arthritis
 Deterioration of cartilage between joints
 Commonly associated with aging
◦ Spondylosis
 Also known as spinal osteoarthritis
 A degenerative disorder that causes the loss of normal
spinal structure and function


Autoimmune disorder in which the body
attacks the synovial membranes and causes
the joints to be swollen, painful, and
immobile
Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis
◦ Affects children 16 years old or less
Osteoarthritis is a deterioration of cartilage to "wear and tear".
Rheumatoid arthritis is the inflammation synovial membranes, which leads to
the destruction of the articular cartilage.


Form of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Causes stiffening between the joints between
the vertebrae





Also known as gout
A type of arthritis characterized by deposits
of uric acid in the joints.
Uric acid is a product excreted by the
kidneys.
Caused by obesity, diabetes, kidney
dysfunction
Gout develops when excess uric acid, which is
present in the blood, forms crystals in the
joints of the feet and legs.
1.
2.
3.
Sallie is 85 years old and worked as a typist
until she retired. She now has arthritis. What
type of arthritis does Sallie have?
John is 16 and was just diagnosed with
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis. His body is
attacking his __________________ .
What type of arthritis forms when uric acid
crystals form in the feet?

Herniated disk
◦ Also known as Slipped or Ruptured Disk
◦ The breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that
results in pressure on the spinal nerve

Lumbago (lum-BAY-goh)
◦ Low back pain

Spondylolisthesis (spon-dih-loh-liss-THEE-sis)
◦ Forward slipping movement of the body of one of
the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebrae or
sacrum below it

Spina Bifida
◦ Defect that occurs during pregnancy when the
spinal canal fails to close completely around the
spinal cord to protect it

Kyphosis (Humpback)
◦ Abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the
thoracic spine as viewed from the side

Lordosis (Swayback)
◦ Abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the
lumbar spine

Scoliosis
◦ Abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine

Caused as a result of aging or slouching in
teens—Treatment: Surgery
Clinical photographs of an adolescent
male with an abnormally rounded back;
the deformity is localized to the thoracic
spine. This patient's severe kyphosis is
most obvious when bending forward.

Causes: congenital, hip problems, incorrect
posture—Treatment: Physical Therapy or
brace


Causes: usually congenital or hereditary
Treatment: Surgery, brace

The marked loss of bone density in the bones
associated with aging
◦ Bones are brittle and easily broken


Cause is unknown
Usually occurs in elderly Caucasian women


Failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to
an appropriate length
Caused by a genetic or hormone disorder

Closed Fracture—Simple Fracture
◦ Only one bone is broken, and it does
not pierce the skin

Open Fracture—Compound Fracture
◦ One bone is broken, and it pierces the
skin

Comminuted Fracture
◦ Bone is crushed into small pieces

Greenstick Fracture—Incomplete
Fracture
◦ Bone is bent and partially broken

Oblique Fracture
◦ Occurs at an angle across the bone

Transverse Fracture
Broken straight across the bone

Spiral Fracture
◦ Bone twisted apart, due to sport injury
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
What type of disorder is caused by a genetic or
hormonal disorder? __________________
What type of fracture is when the bone has been
crushed into pieces? ______________________
What type of fracture is also known as a
compound fracture? ______________________
What type of fracture is when the bone is
partially broken? _____________________
What type of fracture occurs at an angle across
the bone? ___________________

Radiograph—x-ray
◦ Most commonly used to visualize a bone fracture



Arthroscopy—visual examination of a joint
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)– used to
visualize soft tissues like joints
Bone density testing is used to diagnose
osteoporosis

Bone Marrow Transplant—used to treat
certain cancers of the blood cells
◦ Patients cancer cells and bone marrow are
destroyed
◦ Next, healthy donated bone marrow cells are
transfused into the patient’s blood
◦ The cells move to the spongy bone, where they are
to multiply to form cancer-free bone marrow
http://abcnews.go.com/WNT/video/robin-robertsprepares-bone-marrow-transplant-17090981



Orthotic
Mechanical device
designed to control or
correct for injured limb
function,
Example: leg brace or
splint


Prosthesis
Substitute for a
missing or diseased
body part that has
been amputated

Arthrolysis—surgical loosening of an ankylosed
joint
◦ -lysis means loosening

Arthrodesis—”surgical ankylosis”
◦ Surgical fixation “joining together” two bones to stiffen
a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder
◦ Performed to treat a damaged joint or severe arthritis
◦ -desis means surgical fixation
Internal Fixation

Percutaneous
Diskectomy
◦ Treatment for a herniated
intervebral disk
◦ Intervetebral disk is
suctioned out

Spinal Fusion
◦ Technique used to
immobilize part of the
spine by joining together
two or more vertebrae
i.Craniectomy
 ii. Craniotomy
 iii. Cranioplasty
 iv. Osteoclasis (-clasis means break)—
surgical fracture of a bone to correct a
deformity
 v. Ostectomy
 vi. Osteoplasty
 vii. Osteorrhapy
viii. Osteotomy
