Bellringer- Answer the following
questions
Explain WEMS policy on bullying.
What consequences happen when you
bully?
Is there a difference between
harassment/bullying and instigating
trouble? Give an example of each.
 Reminder: Final day to turn in for full credit 2 paragraphs and
essay outline.
 Turn in any late work!
Chapter 10, Section 3:
The Late Republic
I can explain how the later period of the Roman Republic
was marked by wars of expansion and political crises.
Vocabulary Section 3
 Legions- A legion was a group of soldiers—as many as
6,000.
 Punic Wars- series of three wars found between
Rome and Carthage, a city in northern Africa. Its
significance showed the growing strength of Rome.
End result of wars- Rome takes control of Northern
Africa, Sicily, Corsica, and Spain- most of the Western
Mediterranean region.
See Notes Sections for Each Person
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
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Hannibal
Gaius Marius
Lucius Cornelius Sulla
Spartacus
Growth of Territory & Trade
 By about 400 BC, the Roman Empire
was growing very quickly.
 Within 200 years, they had conquered
all of Italy.
 Trade and shipping grew Rome’s wealth
all over the Mediterranean Sea.
Growth of Territory
 Territory mostly grew because of outside threats.
 The Romans paid people called the Gauls a lot of
gold to leave Rome when they came to attack.
 Other groups wanted to get rich from the Romans,
so they tried attacking Rome.
 The Romans defeated their attackers and took over
their lands.
 Rome’s army was divided into legions. A legion was
a group of soldiers—as many as 6,000.
• The Roman army was very large, very strong, and
very organized.
• Legions of 6,000 soldiers were divided into groups
called centuries, which had 100 soldiers.
• This let the army adapt to their enemies.
Farming and Trade
 Before Rome took over Italy, most Romans were
farmers.
 Over time, more people headed for the city of Rome
and very large farms grew along the countryside.
 Slaves worked on these farms. Sometimes the owners
of the farm lived in Rome while others did the work!
 The large farms still couldn’t produce enough food for
Rome’s growing population.
 Trade became very
important to feed all of the
people.
 Roman merchants would
bring in food, metals, and
slaves.
 In return, the Roman
government created coins
out of copper, silver, and
other metals.
Reading Check
Identifying Cause and Effect
 Why did the Romans conquer their
neighbors?
The Punic Wars
 Over time, many groups wanted to fight Rome, but
Rome continued to win.
 This allowed for Rome to expand all over the
Mediterranean.
 The fiercest battles were the PUNIC WARS.
 The PUNIC WARS were against CARTHAGE, a city in
Northern Africa.
 There were three wars within 120 years.
The Three Wars
1. 264 BC – The first war lasted 20 years. Carthage
attacked the island of Sicily. The Romans won
and took over Sicily.
2. 218 BC – Carthage attacked the city of Rome. A
great military leader named Hannibal tried to
lead the Carthage army to take Rome, but was
unsuccessful. The Romans launched a quick
attack on Carthage. Hannibal was defeated at
the city of Zama. Romans won again.
The Three Wars Continued
3. 140 BC – The Romans were afraid Carthage
was getting strong again, so the senators
advised the consuls to go to war. Rome attacks
Carthage. They win. They burn the city, kill
most of its people, sell the rest into slavery and
throw salt over where the city used to be so
nothing would ever grow there again.
Hannibal- Vocabulary Info.
 Hannibal considered to be one of
the greatest military generals of
the ancient world. He began the 2nd
Punic War by attaching one of
Rome’s allies in Spain. Later
committed suicides to prevent
himself from being captured by the
Romans.
 Hannibal’s army included about 80
war elephants. These elephants
made it over the Alps mountain
range in their attack on Rome!
 Lived 247-183 BC was from
Carthage, North Africa
Later Expansion
 Rome gained control of much of the Western
Mediterranean from the Punic Wars.
 When the Romans took over Greece, they
accepted many Greek views on literature, art,
philosophy, religion, and education.
 As the territory grew, rich Romans kept getting
richer and poor Romans were getting poorer.
Many feared that this would lead to violence.
What can we infer from this map?
Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
 They were brothers that served as tribunes.
 Tiberius wanted to start farms for poor Romans to keep them
happy.
 He wanted these farms on public land that wealthy Romans
took illegally.
 The public liked the idea, but the rich people hated it.
 Riots broke out in the city and Tiberius was killed.
 Like his brother, Gaius Gracchus wanted to start farms. He
sold food cheaply to poor people.
 His ideas angered many powerful Romans and he was killed
just like his brother during a riot.
Class Divisions
 Tiberius and Gaius Gracchus
deaths showed that big
disagreements between rich
and poor existed in Rome near
the end of the republic.
 Their violent deaths would
change Roman politics to
where Romans would see
violence as a political weapon
to be used against those with
whom they disagreed.
Gaius Marius
 In 107 BC, the army needed more troops very badly.
 Gaius Marius, a consul, encouraged poor people to join the
army. Before this, only men who owned property could join.
 Many poor and unemployed men join the army.
 Marius was a great military leader. His soldiers were very
loyal to him.
 The support of the soldiers gave Marius political power.
 Following his example, other leaders wanted to start armies
to gain power.
 Lived 157-86 BC was from Rome
Lucius Cornelius Sulla
 Lucius Cornelius Sulla became a consul in 88 BC and quickly
became a rival of Gaius Marius.
 He created his own army, which led to a civil war in Rome.
 A civil war is when people from the same country are
fighting.
 In the end, Sulla won.
 Sulla declared himself dictator and used his power to punish
enemies
 Maintained many traditional ideas though such as the
Senate and actually increased its power during his rule.
 Lived 138-77 BC was from Rome
Spartacus
 Not long after Sulla died,
Spartacus, a former gladiator, led
thousands of slaves in a rebellion
to demand freedom.
 Spartacus and his army defeated
an army sent to stop them in
southern Italy.
 Over time, though, Spartacus was
killed in battle.
 Lived 109–71 BC was Thracian,
area of Greece
Setting an example
 The military leader during this
rebellion, Marcus Crassus,
crucified (tied up or nailed to
a cross like Jesus) 6,000 of
Spartacus's followers on the
road between Rome and
Capua to set an example.
 The rebellion was over, but
the republic’s problems were
not.
Homework
 In this section you learned about many major figures in Roman history. Choose
one of them and create a poster depicting them and their biographical
information. You may draw or print off pictures from the internet. You must do
this on your own. Your poster should be colorful and contain at minimum 5 facts
about this figure.
 Due Thursday 4/10
Rubric 50 point daily grade
 25- Facts are listed- contains correct information (5 points per fact)
 10- Colored
 15- Neatly drawn, hand writing is clear, no mistakes
Other Reminders:
 Vocabulary Due Friday 4/11
 Study Guide Review Due Thursday 4/10 (Will have all day Wednesday to work on it)
 Test Friday 4/11