:
Answer the following review questions:
1. What were the “Big 3” gods in Roman mythology?
2. Name two rivers and two mountain ranges associated with
Rome.
3. Where (what zone) did most people in Roman civilization settle? Why?
4. Name two groups who were not citizens in Rome.
5. How did Rome amass a large slave population?
6. What were the Senate and the consuls?
7. Who had most of the power in Rome? Why?
8. What new warfare strategy emerged in the Punic War?
9. What were some consequences of the Punic War for Rome?

1. Bellringer: Common Assessment
2. Notes: Fall of the Republic/Rise of Julius
Caesar
3. Activities:
1. Julius Caesar Assassination Article
2. Twitter Assignment
3. Primary Source Analysis

Life After the Punic Wars in Rome

What type of problems did the
Punic Wars bring to Rome?
• 1. Increasing wealth and the expanding of the Roman Empire led to a gap between the rich and the poor.
–
Expansion = more money, but it is NOT equally distributed
–
Rich (patricians) get all the new land!

2. Latifundia
• What is it?
Huge estates run by rich people (patricians!)
•
Slaves worked on the Latifundia
– many who had been captured during the Punic
Wars
– 100 BCE: Slaves are about 1/3 of Rome’s population

2. Effects of the Latifundia
• Small farmers can’t compete because they don’t have slave labor, small farmers put out of business, many become jobless/homeless.
• Jobless farmers flee to Rome, but all jobs are taken by slaves.
• Situation in Rome around 100 B.C.E. =
Rich get richer and the poor get poorer.

What type of problems did the
Punic Wars bring to Rome?
• 3. Slaves revolted and escaped
– They were often used as gladiators for entertainment
– They were armed and trained by their masters!
•
Three slave wars between
135BC and 71BC
– The 3 rd was led by
Spartacus

Attempts at Reform in Rome:
• Tiberius Gracchus
• Gaius Gracchus
• Gaius Marius
• Lucius Cornelius Sulla
• Julius Caesar

1. The Gracchi
• Tiberius and
Gaius Gracchus
–
Tribunes who tried to help the poor
– Both killed
–
Results in civil war

2. Marius & Sulla (107 – 80 BCE)
•
Marius: plebeian elected consul 7 times
– Creates volunteer army of poor
–
Make legions loyal to general!
•
Sulla: patrician elected consul
–
Defeats Marius in civil war
• Lesson: If you want power in
Rome, you have to earn it with force now !

3. Julius Caesar
• Fought in several wars by the age of
31
•
Became heavily involved in Roman politics (military service = necessary for this, remember)
•
Made alliances (ex: Triumvirate) to gain better foothold, more power in
Roman politics
•
Eventually becomes dictator of
Roman Empire

:
With the people around you, discuss the following questions:
1. Was military expansion good for the Roman
Republic?
2. What would you do if you thought your country was on the path to tyranny, with one man gaining too much power?
3. What if that one man was one of your closest friends and allies?

1. Read pages 268-276 in your AP
TEXTBOOK PACKET.
2. Extra credit – bring in by Thursday!

The First Triumvirate
•
Three men ruled Rome for 10 years:
1. Pompey
2. Marcus Crassus
3. Julius Caesar

The Triumvirate:
1. Pompey the Great
•
Great commander of a Navy.
•
Fought in the
Mediterranean to get rid of pirates (67
– 66 BCE)
•
Ally of Sulla

The Triumvirate: Crassus
•
Wealthiest man in Rome - $$$
•
Suppressed 73 – 71 BC slave revolt led by
Spartacus – fought with Pompey over credit for this

The Triumvirate: Julius Caesar
•
Conquers Gaul & invades Britain twice (58
– 51 BCE)
•
Defies Senate order to resign & crosses Rubicon
(49 BCE)
– “The die is cast!”
–
Civil war (49 - 45 BCE)
• Became Dictator of Rome

Timeline of the Julius Caesar’s
Rise to Power
•
60 BCE: Set up the first triumvirate
•
59 BCE: Elected consul
• 59BCE: Appointed himself governor of Gaul (France)
• 58-50 BCE: Led his legions in a successful campaign to conquer Gaul
•
49 BCE: Began a civil war against Pompey as he took his army across the Rubicon River in Italy, fighting against a member of his own Triumvirate:
Pompey. He defeated Pompey in Greece, Asia, Spain and Egypt
• 46 BCE: Caesar returned to Rome and the senate appointed him dictator
•
44 BCE: Named himself dictator for life .

During Caesar’s Rule…
•
Land grants for soldiers
•
Public works jobs for people in Rome
•
Citizenship for
Greeks, Spaniards
& Gauls

Julius Caesar’s Fate
•
Senators rejected the rule of a tyrant and murdered
Caesar
–
March 15, 44 BCE –
“the Ides of March”
•
Led by Marcus
Brutus and Gaius
Cassius
– “Et tu, Brute?”

Julius Caesar: Movie

Rome after Caesar’s Death:
The Second Triumvirate (43 B.C.E.)
•
1. Mark Antony
•
2. Lepidus
•
3. Octavian
(Caesar’s heir)
•
Sought to avenge
Caesar’s death

Octavian
•
Became an emperor
–
Forced Lepidus to retire
•
Declared war on and defeated Mark Antony , who fell in love with
Cleopatra in Egypt
– Defeated them in 31 BCE,
Annexed Egypt

•
Octavian took the title Augustus:
“exalted one”
• Continued to have a senate, but ruled as emperor until his death
•
Officially ended the
Republic
– long live the Roman Empire!