Biology English Course
Reqirments
 Textbook
 Assessment standard:
Test (60%)
attendent (20%)
homework (20%): 3-5 points one time
Passive sentence
 In this initial event water molecules are
cleaved, oxygen is released, and electrons
are donated.
 最初反应中，水分解，释放O2，产生电子。
Passive sentence
 Nuclei acid, originally isolated by Johann
Miescher in 1871, was identified as a prime
constituent of chromosomes through the use
of the red-staining method developed by
Feulgen in the early 1900s.
 1871年约翰.米歇尔首先分离出核酸，通过20
世纪早期由福尔根发明的染色反应的鉴定，认
为组成染色体的主要物质是核酸。
Passive sentence
 当英语被动句中没有出现由介词by引导的行为
主体时，很多情况下，英文原句的主语仍在中
译文中做主语，表达的虽然同样是逻辑上的被
动关系，译文中却不出现“被”这样的字眼。
 Most of the enzymes and pigments for the
light-dependent reactions are embedded in
the thylakoid membrane of chloroplasts.
 大多数用于光反应的酶和色素镶嵌在叶绿体类
囊体膜上。
Passive sentence
 Asexual reproducers, including most
prokaryotes, many plants, and some animals,
must be classified into species on the basis of
physical (biochemical or morphological) traits.
 大多数原核生物，许多植物和一些动物是无性
生殖，必须根据其物理特征（如生物化学或形
态学）进行物种归类。
Passive sentence
 有些情况下，则需增补泛指性的词语（如大家、人们、




有人等）作为中译文的逻辑主语。
如：To determine if current mechanistic models of
isotope fractionation can reproduce the observed
effect of precipitation across all ecosystems, the
equilibrium global vegetation model BIOME4 was
used to plot △e against temperature and
precipitation.
为确定当前同位素分馏机制模型是否能重现已经观察
到的所有生态系统的降雨效应，有人利用平衡全球植
被模型BIOME4来绘制△e与温度和降雨的关系。
再如：It is believed that properties of the cell
cytoplasm control the cell cycle
人们认为是细胞质的特性控制细胞周期。
Passive sentence
 并不是科技文献中所有的被动句式都要一律翻译成中




文主动句式。有些着重被动动作的被动句，则一定要
翻译成被动句，以突出被动意义。
如：Virtually all developing animal ova are
surrounded by helper cells.
实际上，所有正在发育的动物的卵被辅助细胞所环绕。
又如：Light striking any one of the pigment
molecules is funneled to a special chlorophyll a
molecule, termed a reaction-center chlorophyll, which
directly participates in photosynthesis.
到达任一色素分子的光呈漏斗状被传递到叫反应中心
叶绿素a，直接进行光合作用。
Biology English Course
Lesson one
Inside the living cell: structure and
function of internal parts
Glossary
 Actin 肌动蛋白
– A globular contractile protein. In muscle cells,
actin interacts with another protein, myosin, to
bring about contraction.
 Basal body 基体
– A body identical in structure to a centriole,
found always at the base of a cilium or
eukaryote flagellum.
Glossary
 Centriole 中心粒
– An organelle located close to the nucleus in
most animal and lower palnt cells but absent
from prokaryotes and higher plants.
 chemotaxis 趋化性
– A locomotory movement of an organism or cell
in response to ,and directed by, an ecternal
directional stimus.
Glossary
 chloroplast 叶绿体
– A plastid in which photosynthesis is carried out.
Chloroplasts occur in all photosynthetic organisms
except photosynthetic bacteria and blue-green algae.
 chromosome 染色体
– A DNA-histone thread residing in the nucleus of a
cell. Each chromosome possesses two telomeres
and a centromere, and some contain a nucleolus
organizer. RNA proteins are invariably associated
with the chromosome.
Glossary
 cilia 纤毛
– Numerous short, hairlike structures projecting
from the cell surface that enable locomotion.
 cytoplasm 细胞质
– The living contents of a cell bounded externally
by the plasmalemma including an aqueous
ground substance(hyaloplasm,cell sap or cell
matrix)containing organelles and various
inclusions but excluding the nucleus and visible
vacuoles.
Glossary
 cytoskeleton 细胞骨架
– Of eukaruotic cells, an internal skeleton. Its
microtubules and other components structurally
support the cell, organize and move its internal
components.The cytoskeleton also helps free-living
cells move through their enviroment.
 Dynein 动力蛋白
– A group of at least four distinct proteins found in
the flagella and microtubules of eukaryotic cells
and possessing ATPase activity.
Glossary
 Endoplasmic reticulum 内质网
– Folded membranes and tubes throughout the eukaryotic
cell that provide a large surface upon which chemical
activities take place.
 Flagella 鞭毛
– Long, hairlike structures projecting from the cell
surface that enable locomotion.
 Golgi complex 高尔基复合体
– A stack of flattened,smooth membranous sacs; the
site of synthesis and packaging of certain molecules
in eukaryotic cells.
Glossary
 Lysosome溶酶体
– A specialized organelle that holds a mixture of
hydrolytic enzymes.
 Microfilament 微丝，纤丝
– Long, fiberlike structures made of protein and found in
cells, often in close association with the microtubules;
provide structural support and enable movement.
 Microtubule 微管
– Small, hollow tubes of peotein that function throughout
the cytoplasm to provide structural support and enable
movement.
Glossary
 Mitochondrion 线粒体
– A membranous organelle resembling a small
bag with a larger bag inside that is folded back
on itself;serves as the site of aerobic cellular
respiration.
 Myosin肌球蛋白
– A protein that, with actin,constitutes the
principal element of the contractile apparatus of
muscle.
Glossary
 Nuclear envelope核膜，核被膜
– A double membrane(two lipid bilayers and
associated proteins )that is the outermost
portion of a cell nucleus.
 Nucleoid 拟核 类核，核质体
– The DNA-containing area of a prokaryote cell,
an alogous to the eukaryote ucleus but not
membrane bounded.
Glossary
 Nuceoli 核仁
– Nuclear structures composed of completed or
partially completed ribosomes and the specific parts
of chromosomes that contain the information for
their construction.
 Nucleus 细胞核，神经核，核
– The organelle of the eukaryote cell that contains the
chromosomes and hence ultimately controls cellular
activity and inheritance through the activity of the
genetic material,DNA.
Glossary
 Phagocytosis吞噬
– The process by which a cell engulfs some
molecules dissolved in water.
 Pinocytosis胞饮，饮液作用
– The process by which a cell engulfs aome
molecules dissolved in water.
Glossary
 Plastid质体，成形粒
– An organelle present in all plants except bacteria,bluegree algae, and fungi; it is enclosed by two membranes(the
envelope)and has various functions.
 Polysome多核糖体，多聚核糖体
– Of protein synthesis ,several ribosomes all translating the
same messenger RNA molecule one after the other.
 Ribosome核糖体核蛋白体
– Small structures composed of two protein and ribonucleic
acid subunits involved in the assembly of proteins from
amino acids.
Glossary
 Stroma 子座，基质
– Region within a chloroplast that has no
chlorophyll.
 Tubulin微管蛋白
– A protein that in the major constituent of
microtubules.
 Vacuole液泡，泡
– Storage container within the cytoplasm of a cell
having a surrounding membrane.
Biology English Course
Textbook
Inside the Living Cell: Structure and
Function of Internal Cell Parts
Biology English Course
Biology English Course
Major functions: DNA replicationRNA
transcription & processing  Ribosome assembly
Biology English Course
Ribosome
Major function: Assembles proteins
 Biology English Course
Endoplastic reticulum
Rough endoplastic reticulum (RER)
Major function of RER:
Protein synthesis and
transportation. Such as
synthesis nuclear envelope
after a cell divides.
Smooth endoplastic reticulum (SER)
Major function of SER:
Lipid metabolism. It also has
another major function (Drug
oxidation and detoxificatin )
 Biology English Course
Main function: cellular respiration/ATP production
via oxidative phosphorylation
Biology English Course
Chloroplast: A plant specific organelle
Photosynthesis: the light-dependent assimilation of
CO2 and H2O to form carbohydrates and O2
Biology English Course
(cilia and flagella)
Major functions：
1. Controls the shape and movement of the cell
2. Organizes some metabolic functions
(a) cross-sectional and (b) surface
pattern of tubulin in a microtubule
 Biology English Course
Cytoplasm: The Dynamic, Mobile Factory
 Most of properties we associate with life are properties
of the cytoplasm. Much of the mass of cell consists of
this semifluid substance
substance, which is bounded on the
outside by the plasma membrane.
Organelles
are suspended within it, supported by the
Semifluid :半流动性的
Semi-+fluid;network
semi- 表示
“半,不完全地”
filamentous
of the
cytoskeleton. Dissolved in
eg: semi-transparent; semi-tropical; semiarid and so on
the
cytoplasmic
fluidplasma
are nutrients,
ions, 细胞膜
soluble proteins,
Membrane:
膜, 隔膜;
membrane:
and other materials needed for cell functioning.
Filamentous: 丝状的
 Biology English Course
The Nucleus: Information Central
 The eukaryotic cell nucleus is the largest organelle and
houses the genetic material(DNA) on chromosomes. (In
prokaryotes the hereditary material is found in the
nucleoid.)
 The nucleus also contains one or two organelles-nucleoli –
that play a role in cell division.
Eukaryotic cell: 真核细胞
Chromosome: 染色体
Prokaryotic cell : 原核细胞
Hereditary material: 遗传物质
 Biology English Course
A pore–perforated sac called the nuclear envelope
separates the nucleus and its contents from the
cytoplasm.
Small molecules can pass through the nuclear
envelope, but larger molecules such as mRNA and
ribosomes must enter and exit via the pores
Pore:小孔; perforate: 打孔; sac 囊, 液囊;
Molecule: 分子
 Biology English Course
Organelles:Specialized Work Unit
 All eukaryotic cells contain most of the various kinds
of organelles, and each organelle performs a
specialized function in the cell.
 Organelles described in this section include
ribosomes, the endoplasmic reticulum,the Golgi
complex, lysosmes, mitochondria, and the plastids of
plant cells.
 Biology English Course
 The number of ribosomes within a cell may range from a few hundred
to many thousands. This quantity reflects the fact that ribosomes are
the sites at which amino acids are assembled into proteins for export
or for use in cell processes.
 A complete ribosomes is composed of one larger and one smaller
subunit.During protein synthesis the two subunits move along a
strand of mRNA, “reading” the genetic sequence coded in it and
translating that sequence into protein.
 Several ribosomes may become attached to a single mRNA strand;
such a combination is called a polysome. Most cellular proteins are
manufactured on ribosomes in the cytoplasm. Exportable proteins
and membrane proteins are usually made in association with the
endoplasmic reticulum.
 Biology English Course
 The endoplasmic reticulum,a lacy array of membranous
sacs, tubules, and vesicles, may be either rough or
smooth. Both types play role in the synthesis and
transport of proteins.
 The RER,which is studded with polysomes, also seems
to be the source of the nuclear envelope after a cell
divides. SER lacks polysomes; it is active in the
synthesis of fats and in the oxidation of toxic substance
in the cell .
 Both types of endoplasmic reticulum serve as
compartments within the cell where specific products
can be isolated and subsequently shunted to particular
areas in outside the cell.
 Biology English Course
 Transport vesicles may carry exportable molecules from
the endoplasmic reticulum to another membranous
organelle,the Golgi complex. Within the Golgi complex,
molecules are modified and packaged for export out of
the cell or for delivery else where in cytoplasm.
 Vacuoles in cells appear to be hollow sacs but are
actually filled with fluid and soluble molecules. The most
prominent vacuoles appear in plant cells and serve as
water reservoirs and storage sites for sugar and other
molecules. Vacuoles in animal cells carry out
phagocytosis and pinocytosis.
 Biology English Course
 A subset of vacuoles are the organelles known
as lysosomes ,which contain digestive enzymes
that can break down most biological
macromolecules .They act to digest food
particles and to degrade damaged cell parts.
 Biology English Course
 Mitochodria are the sites of energy–yielding chemical
reactions in all cells. In addition,plant cells contain
plastids that utilize light energy to manufacture
carbohydrates in the process of photosynthesis.
 It is on the large surface area provided by the inner
cristate of mitochondria that ATP –generating enzymes
are located. Mitochondria are self –replicating, and
probably they are the evolutionary descendants of what
were once free–living prokaryotes.
 Biology English Course
 There are two types of plastids :leucoplasts, which
lack pigments and serve as storage sites for starch,
proteins, and oils; and chromoplasts, which contain
pigments. The most important chromoplasts are
chloroplasts –organelles that contain the chlorophyll
used in photosynthesis.
 The internal structure of chloroplasts includes stacks
of membranes called grana, which are embedded, in a
matrix called the stroma.
 Biology English Course
The Cytoskeleton
 All eukaryotic cells have a cytoskeleton, which is a
convoluted latticework of filaments and tubules that
appears to fill all available space in the cell and
provides support for various other organelles.
 A large portion of the cytoskeleton consist of threadlike
microfilaments composed mainly of the contractile
protein actin.
 They are involved in many types intracellular movement
in plant and animal cells.
 Biology English Course
 A second protein,myosin, is involve in the contraction
of muscle cells.
 Another main structural component of the cytoskeleton
consists of microtubules,which are composed of the
globular protein tubulin and together act as scaffolding
that provides stable cell shape.
 Cytoskeleton intermediate filaments appear to impart
tensile strength to the cell cytoplasm.
 Mechanoenzymes such as myosin,dynein,and kinesin
interact with the cytoskeletal filaments and tubules to
generate forces that cause movements.
 Biology English Course
Cellular Movement
 Although the cytoskeleton provides some stability to
cells, its microtubules and filaments and their
associated proteins enable cells to move by creeping
or gliding.
 Such movements require a solid substrate to which
the cell can adhere and can be guided by the geometry
of the surface. Some cells also exhibit chemotaxis, the
ability to move toward or away from the source of a
diffusing chemical.
 Biology English Course
 Certain eukaryotic cells can swim freely in liquid
environments, propelled by whiplike cilia or flagella.
Both cilia and flagella have the same internal structure:
nine doublets (pairs of microtubules) are arranged in a
ring and extend the length of the cilium or flagellum, and
two more microtubules run down the center of the ring.
Every cilium or flagellum grows only from the cell
surface where a basal body is located. Movement is
based on the activities of tiny dynein side arms that
extend from one of the microtubules of each doublet.
 Biology English Course
 Nutrients, proteins, and other materials within most
plant cells are moved about via cytoplasmic
streaming. The process occurs as myosin proteins
attached to organelles push against microfilaments
arrayed throughout the cell. Microfilaments and
microtubules are responsible for almost all major
cytoplasmic movements.
 During cell division, microtubules of the spindle--
assembled from tubulin subunits near organelles
called centrioles--move the chromosomes.
 Lets review the cell
A Living Cell
More than 300 years ago, English scientist Robert
Hooke looked at a thin slice of cork through his
microscope, saw what he called "cells"
 Apparently, Hooke was the first person to publicize
seeing cells, but he could not fully define what he was
observing.
 Modern biologists know that a cell is smallest entity
completely surrounded by a membrane capable of
reproducing itself independent of other cells.
 Biologists have found the cells have three fundamental
parts:
 Plasma membrane
 A central genetic region
 Cytoplasm and organelles

Cell Types in Life's Kingdoms
 Despite the huge diversity of living things, though,
biologists have never found a cell they can't assign
to just one of two basic types: prokaryotic or
eukaryotic.
 A cell's most obvious distinguishing feature is the
presence or absence of a cell nucleus.


Eukaryotic cells contain a prominent, roughly spherical,
membrane enclosed body called the nucleus, which
houses DNA, the cell's hereditary material.
In contrast, in prokaryotic cells the DNA is loose in the
cell's interior and not separated from the rest of the
cell's contents by a membrane
 Biologists have found the cells have three
fundamental parts:
 Plasma membrane
 A central genetic region
 Cytoplasm and organelles
The Parts of the Cell
 Plasma membrane


The plasma membrane is a double layer; each layer
is a sheet consisting of phospholipid molecules.
(also named lipid bilayer )
The plasma membrane is permeable to certain
substances, but not all. Biologist say that cell
membranes are selectively permeable.
The Parts of the Cell
 The nucleus

Its roughly spherical structure contains genetic
information that controls most of the cell’s
activities

Nuclear envelope
 A boundary consisting of two lipid bilayer, be
perforated by nuclear pores

Chromosomes
 Chromosomes are microscopic structures that
carry hereditary information.
The Parts of the Cell
 Cytoplasm
 Cytoplasm is a semifluid, highly organized pool of
raw materials and fluid in which the cell’s internal
organelles are suspended.
 Organells
 Ribosomes, the cell’s protein-generating machinery
 ER


RER makes many proteins that wind up being
exported from cell
SER makes and detoxifies substances that can dissolve
in lipids
The Parts of the Cell
 Golgi apparatus
 It can further modify proteins altered in the rough
ER
 It sends vesicles containing newly made proteins to
various parts of the cell.
 Lysosomes

Lysosomes can digest invading bacteria or debris
the cell has engulfed, or cell parts that have worn
out internally
The Parts of the Cell
 Cytoskeleton
 A three-dimensional structure of thin protein fibers
forming a lattice throughout the cytoplasm,
suspending the organelles and allowing cell parts to
move; also help maintain a cell’s shape and
transport cell organelles.
 Mitochondria: Harvesters of energy
 Mitochondria can harvest energy from food
molecules. They break down carbon-containing
molecules and release ATP. These chemical
conversion require oxygen.
That is all. Thank you!