Geography 2: Exam 2 Study Guide Fall 2014
Map of Europe
Albania
Andorra
Bulgaria
Croatia
Finland
France
Ireland
Italy
Macedonia
Moldova
Poland
Portugal
Slovakia
Slovenia
Bosnia-Herzegovina
Austria
Cyprus
Germany
Latvia
Monaco
Romania
Spain
Belarus
Belgium
United Kingdom
Czech Rep.
Denmark
Estonia
Greece
Hungary
Iceland
Liechtenstein Lithuania
Luxembourg
Montenegro
Netherlands
Norway
Russia
San Marino
Serbia
Sweden Switzerland
Ukraine
Migration & Colonialism (Chapter 3 pp. 81-97 & Chapter 7 pp. 201-203
Terms/Concepts to consider for “Term Definition” section of exam:
Emigration, immigration & net migration
Ravenstein’s theories on migration (6 principles)
Distance Decay
Zelinsky’s theory on migration & demographic change: migration transition theory
Everett Lee’s “push & pull factors” & social, environmental & economic factors.
Saskia Sassen—her argument that the most important factor is state policy (government policies).
She argues that government policy makes the difference between a group being a “guest” or an
“alien.”
Types of migration patterns:
Internal: rural to rural; rural to urban; urban to urban; urban to rural
Interregional vs. Intraregional
Can state policy influence internal migration? Examples in the U.S. and elsewhere?
How has U.S. immigration policy shaped the flow of immigrants to the U.S.?
Refugee policies
What are Guest Worker Programs?
How has colonialism influenced modern-day migration flows?
Mercantile, Industrial, Classical, & Decline of Colonialism (know the years and major events of
these four stages).
What have some of the outcomes of colonialism been?
How are France & Algeria connected through history and modern migration patterns?
Warnier’s Law, Pied Noir, LePen, Xenophobia,
How are the U.S. & Mexico connected through history and modern migration patterns?
Vallejo, Fremont, Bear Flag Revolt, Manifest Destiny, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Californios,
CA state constitution, Land Ordinance Act, Chinese Exclusion Act, Federal Immigration Act
1917, privatization of land under Profirio Diaz, Repatriation, Bracero Program.
Globalization & Culture (Chapter 2 pp. 34-50 & Chapter 1 pp. 16-20)
Globalization, what is it and what are the major factors that have encouraged it?
MNC or TNC, FDI
WTO, NAFTA
What is culture—material and nonmaterial, learned, dynamic
How are popular and folk cultures different and how are they connected?
Spatial Diffusion and its forms:
Relocation, contagious, hierarchical, reverse hierarchical, stimulus
Spatial Interaction—Ullman (economic geography)
Complementarity, transferability (as important now? Friction of distance?), intervening
opportunities (accessibility).
Theories on the globalization of culture:
Homogenization: placelessness, the geography of nowhere, Americanization,
McDonaldization
Coca-colonization
Polarization—ethnic separatism, backlash, criminal networks
Critiques of polarization & homogenization: not unilateral flow of ideas; neolocalism—
examples? (Shortridge & Schnell)
Glocalization—intersection of the global and the local; meaning of places for local
communities
Commodification of culture:
Creating a cultural value for a material good (diamonds) for profit!
Buying/selling non-material culture (the haka for the All Blacks)—who owns culture?
Culture is highly contested
Selling the past—the heritage industry—why is this problematic?
Geography of Language (Chapter 4)
Language and place and identity: class, region, nationality…
Language is flexible and situational
Dialect
Mutual intelligibility
Large vs small languages
Language families
Indo-European languages: Kurgan hypothesis vs. Anatolian hypothesis
Vulgar Latin and the Romance languages
Expansion of languages: political, economic, religious
Official languages
Loan words
Pidgin & Creole
Lingua Franca
Dialect regions (U.S.)
Language and cultural contestation: Belgium, Ireland, Israel, Quebec, Spain