Geography 2: Exam 2 Study Guide
Migration & Colonialism (Chapter 3 pp. 81-97 & Chapter 7 pp. 201-203)
Emigration, immigration & net migration
Ravenstein’s theories on migration (6 principles)
Distance Decay
Zelinsky’s theory on migration & demographic change: migration transition theory
Everett Lee’s “push & pull factors” & social, environmental & economic factors.
Saskia Sassen—her argument that the most important factor is state policy (government policies).
She argues that government policy makes the difference between a group being a “guest” or an
“alien.”
How has U.S. immigration policy shaped the flow of immigrants to the U.S.? 1965 Immigration
Reform Act…
Refugee policies internationally and within the U.S.?
What are Guest Worker Programs?
How has colonialism influenced modern-day migration flows?
Mercantile, Industrial, Classical, & Final (Decline) Stage of Colonialism (know the years and
major events of these four stages).
How are France & Algeria connected through history and modern migration patterns?
Warnier’s Law, Pied Noir, LePen, Xenophobia,
How are the U.S. & Mexico connected through history and modern migration patterns?
Vallejo, Fremont, Bear Flag Revolt, Manifest Destiny, Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, Californios,
CA state constitution, Land Ordinance Act, Chinese Exclusion Act, Federal Immigration Act
1917, privatization of land under Profirio Diaz, Repatriation, Bracero Program.
Globalization & Culture (Chapter 2 pp. 34-50 & Chapter 1 pp. 16-20)
Globalization, what is it and what are the major factors that have encouraged it?
MNC/TNC, FDI
WTO
What is culture—material and nonmaterial, learned, dynamic, not a ‘thing’
How are popular and folk cultures different and how are they connected?
Spatial Diffusion and its forms:
Relocation, contagious, hierarchical, reverse hierarchical, stimulus
Spatial Interaction—Ullman (economic geography)
Complementarity, transferability (as important now? friction of distance diminished…),
intervening opportunities (accessibility).
Theories on the globalization of culture:
Homogenization: placelessness, the geography of nowhere, Americanization,
McDonaldization
Coca-colonization
Polarization—ethnic separatism, backlash, criminal networks
Critiques of polarization & homogenization: not unilateral flow of ideas; neolocalism—
examples?
Glocalization—intersection of the global and the local; meaning of places for local
communities
Commodification of culture:
Creating a cultural value for a material good (diamonds) for profit!
Buying/selling non-material culture (the haka for the All Blacks)—who owns culture?
Culture is highly contested
Selling the past—the heritage industry—why is this problematic?
Geography of Language (Chapter 4)
Language and place and identity: class, region, country
Language is flexible and situational
Dialects are mutual intelligible, languages are not
Language families
Indo-European languages: Kurgan hypothesis vs. Anatolian hypothesis
Vulgar Latin and the Romance languages
Expansion of languages: political, economic, religious forces/causes
Official languages—who has them, who doesn’t, why, UN, EU
Loan words
Pidgin & Creole languages
Lingua Franca
Dialect regions (U.S.)
Language and culture, can create unity (Israel) or conflict (Belgium), can be used to revive a
dying culture (Ireland) and lead to violence and desire for separation (Spain).