Changes and Conflict

Thomas Edison: Light bulb and harnessing electricity
Alexander Graham Bell: Human voice on electrical circuit
Henry Ford, Karl Benz, Etienne Lenoir: Cars
Wilbur and Orville Wright: Airplane
Charles Darwin: Theory of Evolution. Those who survive have the best natural characteristics to survive.
Gregor Mendel: Founded Genetics
Edward Jenner: small pox vaccine
Louis Pasteur: Pasteurization….found out that bacteria cause illness
Dmitry Mendeleyev: Classified Elements
Albert Einstein: German Scientist (physics)

New Thinkers cont..
Ivan Pavlov and Sigmund Freud: Psychology
Beethoven: German Composer
James Fennimore Cooper: American Writer
Sports
Became organized and popular during the 1800s.
Soccer and baseball were some of the earliest

Industrial Revolution
Rapid industrial development caused by available land and natural resources, available money to invest and available workers.
Mechanization: Automatic machines (silk spinning first)
Richard Arkwright: Use of water to power machine..started the first factory system.
Demand for cotton increased, England got most from the Southern United States (4 million to 100 million pounds per year)
Cotton Gin (Eli Whitney): machine that cleaned cotton, made it easier to mass produce it

Industrial Revolution
Water (river power) was unpredictable, tried to harness steam power (James Watt)
Bessemer Process: Process to inject air into pure Iron to remove impurities. This made steel easier to use.
Charles Goodyear: Vulcanization (made rubber less sticky)
Robert Fulton: Steam Engine on boat..changed water travel
Samuel Morse: Morse Code and Telegraph
Great Britain was the European leader in Industrialization
Factory System developed a wage system and Middle Class
Women also began to work more

Supply-Demand
Item is scarce and has high demand=high prices paid. When supply goes down, prices rise
Item is not scarce and has low demand=lower prices paid
Smith’s Theory: Manufacturers that compete with other companies must reduce prices to be competitive (but not too low or they will go out of business).
System of Free Enterprise (no government control)
Conditions:
Were bad for workers
Humanitarians: People who tried to help (Charles Dickens)
Strikes: effective way to protest working conditions
Unions: organizations created to protect the rights of workers

Capitalism
Economic system where individuals or corporations control what and how much gets produced (not govts)
Division of Labor: Economic principle that increased the rate of production….each person specialized in a certain job.
Eli Whitney invented interchangeable parts…machines that made things that were all alike…easier to fix
Mass Production: Producing large numbers of identical items.
Business began to become corporations (people could buy stock in them)

Socialism
Some people felt that the laissez-faire approach would not work (let it be)
Felt they need to change who owned the means of production
Means of Production: money and equipment used to produce and exchange goods (land, RR, mines, factories, stores, banks)
Definition: government owns the means of production and operates them for the benefit of all people, not just the wealthy. Everyone should share in the profits
Utopian Socialists: People who believed that people could live peacefully together in small communities where everyone would work for the common good of all

Karl Marx
Wrote the Communist Manifesto (1848)
Thought that capitalism created a conflict between workers and business owners. His thoughts were that a few owners made a ton of money off the hard work of the workers.
Marx predicted that the workers would eventually unite and overthrow the capitalistic areas and create a socialist revolution.
Believed that people would learn the benefits of working together and a classless society would emerge..pure communism

Communism
Government that owns the means of production and all economic planning (and all other aspects of daily life).
Democratic Socialism
People retain partial control over economic planning through the election of government officials
Marx’s Ideas
Had an important affect in parts of Northern and
Western Europe. Huge impact in Russia

WWI
Nationalism, Imperialism, Militarism,
Triple Alliance: Italy, Germany and Austria-Hungary
(made by Bismarck during the 1880s)
Triple Entente: France, Russia, and GB
Serbs wanted Bosnia (Controlled by Austria) to be part of a Slavic Empire
Assassination of France Ferdinand (AH prince) by a
Serbian nationalist set off the alliances.
Central Powers: Germany, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria,
Ottoman Empire
Allied Powers: Great Britain, France, Russia, and others

U Boats
Propaganda
Trench Warfare
US Involvement (Lusitania and Zimmerman Note)
Eventually the Allies won due to American help and
Austria/Hungary falling apart
8.5-10 million dead, 21 million wounded, 300 Billion
Wilson ’ s attempt to make the world safe for democracy
League of Nations: A world organization to maintain peace…what the UN would become. Not strong after WWI
Treaty of Versailles: Punished Germany for actions in WWI and caused WWII. (No resolution of problems, Germany poor)

Great Depression
Black Tuesday: Oct 29, 1929, stock market crash
Market Speculation: Risky Investments
Great Depression: 30 million unemployed by 1932
Major effect in GB, France, and Germany (destroy govt)
Great Britain Struggles
Struggle to find people jobs during 1920s-1930s
Irish nationals revolted in 1916 (Easter Rising)
IRA: Irish Republic Army.
Compromise: Catholic Southern Ireland (Republic of Ireland) would be independent, 6 Northern counties (Protestant) remained a part of the UK

Most of Eastern European Countries were very weak
Austria, Poland, Hungary, etc
Benito Mussolini: Leader of fascist Italy
Fascism: Totalitarian dictatorship, opposed to democracies and communism (very much nationalistic)
Communism appealed to the workers, Fascism appealed to the middle/upper class because they were guaranteed to keep their power. Protect private property and middle class
Black Shirts: Mussolini ’ s military branch that eliminated all things socialist or democratic

Nazis: Extreme Nationalism, anti-semitic (Jew) and anticommunist. Began around 1920
Hitler ’ s views began to shape Nazi Party.
Through elections the Nazi ’ s were able to take gain a majority in the Reichstag (Parliament). Hitler became the emergency dictator when the Reichstag burnt down in
1933.
After that Hitler began to used the SS to round up Jews, forcing them to ghettos, work camps, and eventually concentration camps.
Hitler believed in the Third Reich (3 rd Empire)
Began to rebuild the Army (illegal) and made a secret alliance with Italy

Began with Hitler's Aggression
Austria, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Scandinavia and Low
Countries, USSR, France
Hitler was not able to fully capture USSR and never invaded Great Britain.
Allies: GB, France, USSR, USA
Axis: Germany, Italy, Japan
Hitler ’ s attack on the Soviet Union was similar to
Napoleon ’ s failed attempt. Too big and cold.
Hitler began to kill the Jews in 1941.
Famous concentration camps like Auschwitz were built
D-Day: Allied Invasion of France….would mark the end for Hitler and the German Army

Created to keep peace throughout the world, don ’ t make the same mistakes that happened post WWI
Divided up Germany into 4 states (3 controlled by the West and 1 controlled by the USSR)
Began after WWII. The Soviet Army never really left the lands that they had conquered between Germany and
USSR.
Marshall Plan: US gave over 13 billion dollars to 17 Western
European countries to prevent communism from spreading
Truman Doctrine: USA would support any country in their fight against communism (Greece and Turkey were first)

Berlin Airlift
City of Berlin (in east Berlin) was divided by East and
West. The Soviets shut off access to outside world
US and GB dropped food and supplies into West Berlin
Eventually the Berlin was created to prevent people moving from East to West.
NATO
Military Alliance of European countries..Warsaw Pact was the same thing except involving Soviets and the countries they controlled

Prime Ministers
Neville Chamberlain
Winston Churchill
(during WWII)
Economics
Struggled between welfare state and non welfare state
One of the least industrialized countries by 1960
Major problems from the destruction of
WWII

Problems
Destroyed, much like Great Britain from fighting in WWII
Had trouble holding on to foreign possessions like
Algeria and French Indochina (Vietnam)
Charles De Gaulle
French President after WWII.
Let go of possessions, believed in NATO, etc
Economy never got better and he resigned

Denmark, Norway, Sweden
All had solid democracies in place
All prospered in the times after WWII
Very little rebuilding occurred
Greece, Portugal, Spain
Turned to free-enterprise systems of economy
Portugal and Spain remained Authoritarian Govts

Margaret Thatcher: Became the first female Prime
Minister in Britain’s History
Reduced government funding of many social programs
(like Republicanism)
Poll Tax: Replaced income tax, charged everyone the same…led to problems…she resigned in 1990
John Major: More moderate, had many scandals
Tony Blair: Elected in 1997
Battles between the Catholics (IRA) and Protestants
Wanted to drive the Protestants out of Ireland (unite)
Still an issue today

France
Many different leaders
(Pompidou, d ’ Estaing, Mitterand,
Chirac)
Continued to struggle with economic problems and foreign relations.
Germany
West Germany became a major economic power while East
Germany struggled
Helmut Kohl: Conservative
(Reagan and Thatcher) kept close times with GB and USA
USSR collapsed and Germany was re-united as one country in 1992.

NATO
United most of Western Europe (small countries)
Belgium, Luxemburg, Netherlands, Denmark, Iceland, Norway,
Finland, Sweden, Austria, Switzerland all were either supportive of
Western ideas or neutral
Italy
Divided between political parties and industrial/wealthy Northern
Italy vs poor/rural Southern Italy
Situation improved during the 1990s
Spain
Juan Carlos: King in 1975
Troubles with economy during the 1970s and 80s
By 2000, Spain was in much better shape

Helsinki Accords: 35 European Nations (and USA/USSR) met to discuss security and cooperation among countries
Called on all nations to respect basic human rights, such as speech and worship…helped usher in democracy of the 1980 ’ s
NATO: started to include Eastern European countries
(Czech, Poland, Hungary) in 1997
European Economic Community: Economic cooperation between countries to include common taxation, trade and currency
European Union: 1993, ended trade barriers between countries. Where the Euro came from (common currency)