Study Guide
Spanish 1 Fall Semester
Practice questions



Vocab lists and practice questions can be
found at:
http://www.phschool.com/atschool/realidades/
program_page.html
Select Realidades 1 (Purple) book
Review Part 1 of 3
Part 1 covers Para Empezar and Unit 1.
Infinitives
P. 32
Realidades 1
Infinitives
 Verbs
are words that are most
often used to name actions.
 Verbs in English have different
forms depending on who is
doing the action or when the
action is occurring:
 I walk, she walks, we walked,
etc.
Infinitives
 The
most basic form of a verb
is called the INFINITIVE.
 In English, you can spot
infinitives because they always
have the word “TO” in front of
them:
 to swim, to read, to write
Infinitives
 Infinitives
in Spanish, though, don’t
have a separate word like “to” in
front of them.
 Spanish infinitives are only one
word, and always end in -ar, -er, or
-ir:
 Nadar
 Leer
 Escribir
Negatives
P. 36
Realidades 1
Negatives
 To
make a sentence negative in
Spanish, you usually put “no” in
front of the verb or expression.
 In English you usually use the
word “not.”
 No me gusta cantar.
 I do not like to sing.
Negatives
 To
answer a question
negatively, in Spanish you
often use “no” twice.
 The first “no” answers the
question.
 The second “no” says,
I do not … (don’t).”
Negatives
 This
is similar to the way you
answer a question in English.
 ¿Te gusta escribir cuentos?
 Do you like to write stories?
 No, no me gusta.
 No, I don’t.
Negatives
 In
Spanish, you might use one
or more negatives after
answering “no.”
 ¿Te gusta cantar?
 Do you like to sing?
 No, no me gusta nada.
 No, I don’t like it at all.
Negatives
 If
you want to say that you do
not like either of two choices,
use ni…ni:
 No me gusta ni nadar ni
dibujar.
 I don’t like either swimming
or drawing.
Adjectives
P. 55
Realidades 1
Adjectives
 Words
that describe people and
things are called adjectives
(adjetivos).
 In Spanish, most adjectives have
both masculine and feminine
forms.
 The masculine form usually ends
in the letter -o and the feminine
form usually ends in the letter -a.
Adjectives
Masculine
adjectives are
used to describe
masculine nouns.
Marcos es ordenado y
simpatico.
Marcos is organized and
nice.
Adjectives
Feminine
adjectives are
used to describe feminine
nouns.
Marta es ordenada y
simpática.
Marta is organized and
Adjectives
Adjectives
that end in -e
describe both masculine
and feminine nouns.
Take a look
Adjectives
Anita
es inteligente.
Anita is smart.
Pedro es inteligente
también.
Pedro is also smart.
Adjectives
Masculine
Feminine
ordenado
trabajador
paciente
deportista
ordenada
traqbajadora
paciente
deportista
Adjectives
When
an adjective ends in
-or, an -a is added to
describe a feminine noun.
Juan es trabajador.
Luz es trabajadora
Adjectives
 Some
adjectives that end in
-a, such as deportista,
describe both masculine
and feminine nouns.
 You will need to learn which
adjectives follow this
Adjectives
Tomás
es deportista.
Tomás is sports-minded.
Marta es deportista
también.
Marta is also sportsminded.
Definite and Indefinite
Articles
P. 60
Realidades 1
Definite Articles
El
, La , Los and
Las are called
definite articles.
Definite Articles
In
English they mean
“the”
Definite Articles
We
use El and Los
with masculine
nouns and La and
Las with feminine
nouns.
Indefinite Articles
Un,
Una, Unos, and
Unas are indefinite
articles.
Indefinite Articles
Un
and Una mean
“a or an” in English.
Indefinite Articles
Unos
and Unas mean
“some” in English.
Indefinite Articles
Un
and Unos are
masculine and Una
and Unas are
feminine.
Word Order:
Placement of
Adjectives
P. 62
Realidades 1
Placement of Adjectives
In
Spanish, adjectives
usually come after the
noun they describe.
Margarita esnoun
una chica
adjective
artistica.
Placement of Adjectives
In
English sentences the
adjective comes before
the noun, but in Spanish
adjectives mostly come
after the noun.
Memorize this pattern
Placement of Adjectives
Subject + Verb + Noun +
Adjective
 Margarita es una chica muy
artistica.
 Pablo es un estudiante
inteligente.
Review Part 2 of 3
Unidad 2
Subject Pronouns
P. 82
Realidades 1
Subject Pronouns
 The
subject of a sentence
tells who is doing the action.
 You often use people’s
names as the subject:
 Gregorio escucha música.
 Ana canta y baila.
Subject Pronouns
 You also use subject
pronouns (I, you, he, she,
we, they) to tell who is
doing an action.
 The subject pronouns
replace people’s names.
 Here are all the subject
pronouns.
Subject Pronouns (Singular)
 Yo
 Tú
 Usted
 Él
 Ella
I
 You
(Ud.) (informal)
 You (formal)
 He
 She
Subject Pronouns (Plural)
Nosotros
 Nosotras
 Vosotros
 Vosotras
 Ustedes (Uds.)
 Ellos
 Ellas

We (males)
 We (females)
 You All (informal)
 You All (informal)
 You All (formal)
 They (males)
 They (females)

Subject Pronouns
 Tú,
usted, ustedes, and
vosotros(as) all mean “you.”
 Use tú with family, friends,
people your age or younger,
and anyone you call by his
or her first name.
Subject Pronouns
Use
usted with adults you
address with a title, such
as señor, señora,
profesor(a), etc. Usted is
usually written as Ud.
Subject Pronouns
In
Latin America, use
ustedes when speaking to
two or more people,
regardless of age.
Ustedes is usually written
as Uds.
Subject Pronouns
 In Spain, use vosotros(as)
when speaking to two or
more people you call tú
individually:
 Tú + tú = vosotros(as)
 Use ustedes when talking
to two or more people you
call usted individually.
Subject Pronouns
If
a group is made up of
males only or of both
males and females
together, use the
masculine forms:
nosotros, vosotros, ellos.
Subject Pronouns
You
can combine a
subject pronoun and a
name to form a subject.
Subject Pronouns
Alejandro
y yo = nosotros
Carlos y ella = ellos
Pepe y tú = ustedes
Lola y ella = ellas
Present Tense of ar Verbs
P. 84
Realidades 1
VERBS
A
verb usually names
the action in a
sentence.
We call the verb that
ends in -r the
VERBS
The
INFINITIVE is the
form you would find in a
Spanish dictionary.
In English it means
“to + (verb)”
These are some INFINITIVES you
already know:
Enseñar
 Estudiar
 Hablar
 Bailar
 Cantar
 Dibujar
 Escuchar

Esquiar
 Jugar
 Montar
 Nadar
 Pasar tiempo
 Patinar
 And several
more!

IN SPANISH:
The
last letter or
letters of the verb tell
you who does the
action.
IN SPANISH:
To
change an
INFINITIVE to a form
that tells who is
doing the action,
remove the -ar and
IN SPANISH:
This
action is called
CONJUGATION
TO STUDY (English)
I
study
You
study
He
She
it
studies
We
study
They
study
ESTUDIAR (Spanish)
Yo
Tú
Ud.
Él
Ella
estudio Nosotros
estudiamos
Nosotras
estudias
Vosotros
estudáis
Vosotras
estudia Uds.
Ellos
estudian
Ellas
STEM / ENDING
For
every INFINITIVE
in Spanish there is a
STEM and an
ENDING.
STEM / ENDING
For
example, for
“estudiar,”…”estudi”
is the stem.
“ar” is the ending.
STEM / ENDING
So,
the endings for -ar
verbs are:
o, as, a, amos, áis, an
THE VOSOTROS
Verb
forms ending in
áis, such as estudiáis,
are used mainly in the
country of Spain only.
Let’s CONJUGATE
Some more -ar verbs!
TOCAR
Yo
toco
Tú
tocas
Ud.
Él
Ella
toca
Nosotros
tocamos
nosotras
Vosotros tocáis
vosotras
Uds.
Ellos
tocan
Ellas
Enseñar
Yo
Tú
Ud.
Él
Ella
enseño Nosotros
enseñamos
enseñas
Vosotros enseñáis
enseña Uds.
Ellos
Ellas
enseñan
NEGATING A SENTENCE
When
you want to
say that you do not
do something, use no
before the verb form
NEGATING A SENTENCE
Yo
no cocino en la
clase de educación
física.
ASKING A QUESTION
When
we ask a
question in Spanish,
we usually put the
subject after the verb
or sometimes at the
ASKING A QUESTION
Cocina
Juan en la clase
de ciencias?
Estudia mucho Paulina?
Verb
Subject
Page 107
Realidades 1
ESTAR
The Verb Estar
Estar
is an
IRREGULAR verb.
It means “to be” in
English.
The Verb ESTAR
It
does NOT follow the
pattern of REGULAR
-AR VERBS.
The Verb ESTAR
In
writing, be sure to
use the accent mark
on all forms except
the “yo” and
“nosotros” forms.
TO BE (In English)
I
am
You
are
He
She
It
is
We
are
They
are
ESTAR
Yo
estoy
Nosotros
Tú
estás
Ud.
Él
Ella
está
estamos
Uds.
Ellos están
Ellas
USE OF ESTAR
Estar
is used to tell
“location” of a person
or a thing.
USE OF ESTAR
For
example:
El libro está en la
mesa.
The book is on the
table.
USE OF ESTAR
Maria y Carlos están en
clase.
Maria and Carlos are in
class.
USE OF ESTAR
Estar
is also used to
tell the condition of
something or
someone.
USE OF ESTAR
For example:
Maria está enferma.
Maria is sick.
USE OF ESTAR
Elisa y tú están
ocupados.
Elisa and you are busy.
Page 110
Realidades 1
Nouns
NOUNS
Nouns
refer to people,
animals, places, and
things.
NOUNS
In
Spanish, nouns
have gender. They are
either masculine or
feminine.
Masculine / Feminine
Most
nouns that end
in -o are masculine.
Masculine / Feminine
Most
nouns that end in
-a are feminine.
Masculine / Feminine
For
example:
el libro
la calculadora
An exception: el día
Other Spanish Nouns
Other
Spanish nouns
end in -e or a
consonant.
Other Spanish Nouns
For
example:
el cine
el marcador
la clase la televisión
Other Spanish Nouns
Some
can be both
masculine and
feminine: el/la
estudiante
Making Nouns Plural




To make nouns plural you usually add -s
to words ending in a vowel and -es to
words ending in a consonant.
silla
sillas
teclado
teclados
cartel
carteles
Making Nouns Plural


Singular nouns that end in z change the z
to c in the plural.
El lápiz
los lápices
Definite Articles
El
, La , Los and
Las are called
definite articles.
In English they
mean “the”
Definite Articles
We
use El and Los
with masculine
nouns and La and
Las with feminine
nouns.
Indefinite Articles
Un,
Una, Unos, and
Unas are indefinite
articles.
Indefinite Articles
Un
and Una mean
“a or an” in English.
Indefinite Articles
Unos
and Unas mean
“some” in English.
Indefinite Articles
Un
and Unos are
masculine and Una
and Unas are
feminine.
It’s a good idea to
learn a noun with its
definite article, el or
la, because that will
usually tell you the
gender.
Review Part 3 of 3
Chapter 3a
COMER
Yo
como
Tú
comes Vosotros
Ud.
Él
Ella
come
Nosotros
Uds.
Ellos
Ellas
comemos
coméis
comen
BEBER
Yo
bebo
Tú
bebes Vosotros bebéis
Ud.
Él
Ella
bebe
Nosotros bebemos
Uds.
Ellos
Ellas
beben
LEER
Yo
leo
Tú
lees
Ud.
Él
Ella
lee
Nosotros
leemos
Vosotros
leéis
Uds.
Ellos
Ellas
leen
To SEE or To WATCH
I
see
We
see
You
see
He
She
It
sees
They
see
VER
Yo
veo
Tú
ves
Ud.
Él
Ella
ve
Nosotros
Vosotros
Uds.
Ellos
Ellas
vemos
veís
ven
TO SHARE
I
share
Youshare
He
She
It
We
share
They
share
shares
COMPARTIR
Yo
comparto Nosotros
compartimos
Tú
compartes
Ud.
Él
Ella
Vosotros
compartís
comparte
Uds.
Ellos
Ellas
comparten
Me gustan, me
encantan
P. 135
Realidades 1
Me gustan, Me encantan
Use
me gusta and me
encanta to talk about a
singular noun.
Me gusta el té pero me
encanta el té helado.
Me gustan, Me encantan
 Use
me gustan and me
encantan to talk about plural
nouns.
 Me encantan las fresas
pero no me gustan mucho
los plátanos.
Me gustan, Me encantan
When
you use me
gusta(n) and me
encanta(n) to talk about a
noun, include el, la, los, or
las.
Me gustan, Me encantan
Me
encanta el jugo de
naranja pero no me gusta
la leche.
¿Qué te gustan más, las
hamburguesas o los
perritos calientes?