Chapter 11 Notes
Marbury vs. Madison, Thomas Jefferson,
Louisiana Purchase, Lewis and Clark
Expedition, Embargo Act, NonIntercourse Act, and James Madison
What is Marbury vs. Madison?
What is the significance of this court
case?
• Write your answer down on a separate
piece of paper.
– Include the following in your answer:
• John Adams
• Midnight judges
• Marshall
• Judicial Review
• Jefferson
Thomas Jefferson
1743-1826
Thomas Jefferson
• Jefferson is known as a Intellectual, statesman, and third
president of the United States.
• Although Jefferson served as Governor of Virginia, Minister to
France, Secretary of State, Vice President, and President, he is
remembered in history less for the offices he held than for
what he stood for: his belief in the natural rights of man as he
expressed them in the Declaration of Independence and his
faith in the people's ability to govern themselves.
• He left an impact on his times equaled by few others in
American history.
• He was introduced to the ideas of the Enlightenment as a
student at the College of William and Mary.
•
Jefferson displayed throughout his life an optimistic faith in the
power of reason to regulate human affairs.
The Louisiana Purchase
The Louisiana Purchase
• Since achieving independence, the United States had repeatedly
sought free access down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico. Terms
had been negotiated in 1795 with the Spanish, who then held the
territory, but in 1801 President Thomas Jefferson learned that Spain
had secretly ceded Louisiana to France.
• Jefferson instructed the American minister in Paris, Robert R.
Livingston, to negotiate either for a port at the mouth of the
Mississippi or, as a second choice, for permanent trading rights in
New Orleans.
• In January 1803, James Monroe was sent to join Livingston, armed
with an appropriation of $2 million to buy New Orleans and West
Florida (the southern portions of Alabama and Mississippi); secretly,
Monroe was told he could go as high as $10 million.
• Napoleon had acquired Louisiana in hopes of building an empire in
North America, but a Haitian slave revolt and an impending war with
England had led him to abandon his plans.
• On April 11, Livingston and Monroe were offered all of Louisiana. The
price agreed upon was $15 million. For approximately four cents an
acre, the United States acquired about 828,000 square miles,
doubling the size of the nation.
Louisiana Purchase…
• The Mississippi River formed the eastern boundary,
and the Gulf of Mexico, the southern; later treaties
defined the northern boundary as reaching to
Canada, and the western, as running generally
northwest to the middle of present-day Montana.
• The Federalists, argued that American law made no
provision at all for buying foreign territory.
• Jefferson, who usually favored a strict interpretation
of the Constitution, took the broadest view on this
occasion, and the Senate approved the purchase
on October 20, 1803.
• American expansion westward into the new lands
began immediately.
• A territorial government was established in 1804, and
in 1812 the first of thirteen states to be carved from
the territory—Louisiana—was admitted to the Union.
Lewis and Clark Expedition
Lewis and Clark Expedition
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Early in 1803, President Thomas Jefferson commissioned Meriwether Lewis and
William Clark, both experienced soldiers, to explore what is now the
northwestern United States.
He requested detailed observations about natural resources and
transcontinental routes, also instructing the leaders to contact Indian tribes.
The Louisiana Purchase soon gave the expedition new urgency; almost
nothing was known about the vast addition of land west of the Mississippi
River.
In May 1804, Lewis and Clark's party of nearly fifty men set out from St. Louis.
They headed up the Missouri River and at the onset of winter reached the site
of present-day Bismarck, North Dakota, where they constructed a fort.
At this time Sacagawea, a Shoshone woman, joined the expedition as a
guide and translator.
In 1805, the group followed the Missouri westward to its headwaters and then
crossed the Rocky Mountains and proceeded along the Salmon, Snake, and
Columbia rivers to the Pacific Ocean.
On their return in 1806, Clark and Lewis separated and found two more passes
over the Rockies. Once reunited, they continued down the Missouri to St.
Louis, arriving with abundant painstaking notes and drawings of the
geography of the region and the wildlife and inhabitants they had
encountered.
Interactive Map
• http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/trail
map/index.html
Interactive Trail…
• http://www.pbs.org/lewisandclark/into
/index.html
Embargo Act
• This act was passed by Congress to protest British
and French interference with American neutral
shipping during the Napoleonic Wars.
• Before these acts, the British navy had already
interfered with American shipping by stopping ships
to draft sailors from their crews—a practice called
impressment. The British claimed they were
impressing British subjects, but often American
citizens were taken.
• President Thomas Jefferson requested the action in
response to the Chesapeake-Leopard Incident in
which a British ship attacked an American naval
vessel
• Jefferson responded by imposing the embargo,
which prohibited all exports.
Embargo Act…
• Since foreign ships would be forced to depart
empty, the act also effectively limited imports.
• The president hoped that economic pressure would
persuade the British and French to moderate their
maritime policies.
• Jefferson also believed that keeping ships in
American ports would prevent further violations of
national honor.
• Instead, the embargo caused costly disruptions of
the American economy and forced no concessions.
American merchants evaded it just as they had
ignored British trade restrictions before the
Revolution.
Non-Intercourse Act
• In the last days of Jefferson's presidency, Congress replaced
the Embargo Act with the almost unenforceable NonIntercourse Act of March 1809, which prohibited trade only
with Great Britain and France.
• It failed to convince England and France that they should
change their policies.
• Finally, in May 1810, Macon's Bill No. 2 removed all restrictions
on commerce, but continued to bar foreign warships.
• The bill also empowered the president to reapply the ban on
trade with either Britain or France if the other ceased to violate
American neutral rights.
• After the passage of Macon's Bill, trade soon rebounded to
prewar levels.
• The basic problem of violation of American sovereignty
remained unsolved, however, and would lead to the War of
1812 with Great Britain.
James Madison
1751-1836
James Madison
• He was the fourth president of the United
States and a political theorist.
• One of the less colorful but most important
of America's Founding Fathers, Madison
may rightly be considered the principal
architect of the political system defined by
the U.S. Constitution.
• Although he served in a number of high
offices, including Secretary of State (18011809) and President (1809-1817), he is best
remembered for his accomplishments as a
political theorist and for his related role in
launching the Constitution during the late
1780s and early 1790s.
The END