Learning
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Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning, and Observational Learning LEARNING INTRO INTO LEARNING INTRO INTO LEARNING Humans are not born with a genetic layout for life Learning gives us flexibility Adaptability- Nature’s Greatest Gift INTRO INTO LEARNING If it can be learned then it is teachable Change learned patterns through new learning INTRO INTO LEARNING Learning: a relatively permanent change in an organism’s behavior due to experience Three types of learning Classical Conditioning Operant Conditioning Observational/Social Learning INTRO INTO LEARNING How do we learn? Aristotle: We learn by association Learned associations feed habitual behaviors Repeating behaviors in a certain context lead those behaviors to be associated with the contexts INTRO INTO LEARNING Associate Learning: learning that certain events occur together. The events may be two stimuli or a response and its consequence INTRO INTO LEARNING Conditioning is the process of learning associations Classical conditioning: 2 stimuli and we can anticipate events Operant conditioning: learn to associate a response and its consequences INTRO INTO LEARNING Kobe Cow INTRO INTO LEARNING Conditioning is not the only type of learning Observational experience Learning- learn from others CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Classical condition is learning by association it is sometimes called “reflexive learning” it is sometimes called respondent conditioning The Russian physiologist, Ivan Pavlov, and his dogs circa 1905 discovered classical conditioning by serendipity received the Nobel Prize in science for discovery PAVLOV’S EXPERIMENT ANALYSIS OF PAVLOV’S STUDY CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Association: the KEY element in classical conditioning Pavlov considered classical conditioning to be a form of learning through association, in time, of a neutral stimulus and a stimulus that incites a response. Any stimulus can be paired with another to make an association if it is done in the correct way (following the classical conditioning paradigm) CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Terminology of Classical Conditioning Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS): any stimulus that will always and naturally ELICIT a response Unconditioned Response (UCR): any response that always and naturally occurs at the presentation of the UCS Neutral Stimulus (NS): any stimulus that does not naturally elicit a response associated with the UCR CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Terminology of Classical Conditioning (continued) Conditioned Stimulus (CS): any stimulus that will, after association with an UCS, cause a conditioned response (CR) when present to a subject by itself Conditioned Response (CR): any response that occurs upon the presentation of the CS CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Certain stimuli can elicit a reflexive response Air puff produces an eye-blink Smelling a grilled steak can produce salivation Conditioning is best when the CS precedes the UCS The reflexive stimulus (UCS) and response (UCR) are unconditioned The neutral stimulus is referred to as the conditioned stimulus (CS) In classical conditioning, the CS is repeatedly paired with the reflexive stimulus (UCS) Eventually the CS will produce a response (CR) similar to that produced by the UCS CLASSICAL CONDITIONING The Classical Conditioning “paradigm” “paradigm” is a scientific word similar to using the word “recipe” in a kitchen, I.e., this is how you do it UCS--------------------->UCR NS------------->UCS--------------------->UCR CS------------------------------------------>CR That’s all there is to it Unconditioned Stimulus Unconditioned Response Unconditioned Stimulus Neutral Stimulus Unconditioned Response Unconditioned Stimulus Neutral Stimulus Unconditioned Response Conditioned Stimulus Conditioned Response IMPORTANCE OF CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Classical conditioning is involved in many of our behaviors wherever stimuli are paired together over time we come to react to one of them as if the other were present a particular song is played and you immediately think of a particular romantic partner a particular cologne is smelled and you immediately think of a romantic partner Pepper and Smoking Treatment for phobias and aversions Relief for Insomniacs Cancer and Chemotherapy Acne and the folks CLASSICAL CONDITIONING Some pointers on effective conditioning NS and UCS pairings must not be more than about 1/2 second apart for best results Repeated NS/UCS pairings are called “training trials” Presentations of CS without UCS pairings are called “extinction trials” Intensity of UCS effects how many training trials are necessary for conditioning to occur Generalization – Learning on stimulus A changes behavior regarding stimulus B Discrimination – Learning on stimulus A doesn’t change behavior regarding stimulus B Extinction – Loss of learned behavior after training stops Spontaneous Recovery – Exhibiting learned behavior after extinction has occurred. OPERANT CONDITIONING B.F. Skinner and Edward Thorndike OPERANT CONDITIONING Different from classical conditioning Classical conditioning is respondent behavior Behavior stimuli that occurs as an automatic response to some OPERANT CONDITIONING Operant conditioning: a type of learning in which behavior is strengthened if followed by a reinforcer or diminished if followed by a punisher OPERANT CONDITIONING Operant behavior: behavior that operates on the environment, producing consequences We can distinguish by asking if the organism learns association between events it does not control or is it learning associations between its behavior and resulting events? OPERANT CONDITIONING Operant conditioning works on the law of effect: Principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely and that behaviors followed by un favorable consequences become less likely OPERANT CONDITIONING Skinner developed the Skinner box, or the operant chamber OPERANT CONDITIONING Shaping: an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior OPERANT CONDITIONING Reinforcers: Any event that strengthens behavior it follows OPERANT CONDITIONING Types: Positive Reinforcement Negative Reinforcement OPERANT CONDITIONING Positive Reinforcement Increasing behaviors by presenting a positive stimuli, such as food. This should strengthen the response OPERANT CONDITIONING Negative Reinforcement Increasing behaviors by stopping or reducing negative stimuli, such as shock. A negative reinforcer is any stimulus that, when removed after a response, strengthens the response THIS IS NOT PUNISHMENT!!!!!!!!!!!!! Ex. Pushing your soonze button or taking an aspirin OPERANT CONDITIONING Types of reinforcers Primary: meets some biological need Conditioned: gains reinforcing power through its association with a primary reinforcer (secondary) Ex. Light in the Skinner box OPERANT CONDITIONING Punishment An event that decreases the behavior it follows TYPES OF PUNISHMENT Positive Punishment: Physical Punishment Ex. Spanking Negative Punishment: Removal of a pleasant stimulus Ex. Grounding, taking away phone, etc. OPERANT CONDITIONING Notes on physical punishment (Gershoff and Marshall, 2002) Punished 9/10 behavior is suppressed, not forgotten parents of 3-4 year olds spank Punishment teaches discrimination Punishment can teach fear Physical punishment could model aggression as way to cope with problems OPERANT CONDITIONING: SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT The question with operant conditioning is: how often should one reinforce a behavior? OPERANT CONDITIONING: SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT Two schedules of reinforcement: Continuous Reinforcement Partial Reinforcement OPERANT CONDITIONING: SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT Continuous Reinforcement: Reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs Examples of continuous reinforcement: Also the way to reinforce when potty training OPERANT CONDITIONING: SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT Continuous Reinforcement: Extinction stopped happens quickly once reinforcement is OPERANT CONDITIONING: SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT Partial (intermittent) reinforcement: Reinforcing Results a response only part of the time in slower acquisition of a response but much greater resistance to extinction than does continuous reinforcement OPERANT CONDITIONING: SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT Types of partial reinforcement Fixed-ration schedules Variable-ratio schedules Fixed-interval schedules Variable-interval schedules OPERANT CONDITIONING: SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT Fixed Ratio Schedules: reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses Example: for every the 11th is free ten cups of coffee you purchase, OPERANT CONDITIONING: SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT Variable Ratio Schedules: a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a random number of behaviors have occurred Example: OPERANT CONDITIONING: SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT Fixed-Interval schedules: a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed Example: OPERANT CONDITIONING: SCHEDULE OF REINFORCEMENT Variable Interval Schedules: a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals Examples:
