Classification of
Organisms
Campbell’s Biology
Chapters 26-34
TAXONOMY
the
study of the
classification and scientific
naming of living things.
Domain
Kingdom
Phylum
Class
Order
Family
Genus
Species
Binomial Nomenclature
Musca domestica
Homo sapiens
Gorilla gorilla
Quercus rubra
Canis familiaris
Felis domesticus
Kingdom Archaebacteria
Kingdom Eubacteria
Prokaryotic
 Wide range of feeding mechanisms


Heterotrophs:
•
•
•
•
Saprophytes
Parasites
Commensals
Mutualists
- Autotrophs
Chemosynthetic
Photosynthetic

Range of Respiratory Mechanisms:
Aerobes
 Facultative Anaerobes
 Obligate Anaerobes


Range of Morphology:
Cocci
 Bacilli
 Spirilla
 Strepto Staphylo

Range of Reproductive Mechanisms:
Transformation
 Transduction
 Conjugation
 Binary Fission

Kingdom Archaebacteria
OLD!
 Cell Wall is NOT made of
PEPTIDOGLYCAN
 Well adapted to HARSH
environments!

Halophiles (in Salton Sea)
 Methanogens (in sewers, soil,
swamps,dig.tracts)
 Thermoacidophiles (HOT / Acidic )

Kingdom Eubacteria
Associated Structures:
 Peptidoglycan cell wall
 Plasmids
 Capsules
 Flagellen
 Endospores
Gram NEGATIVE vs. Gram
POSITIVE

Gram Negative:
thin cell wall
retains saphranin stain
ex: Enterobacteria (E. coli)
Spirochetes (T. pallidum)
Cyanobacteria
etc. see notes

Gram Positive
Thick peptidoglycan cell wall
 Retain crystal violet stain
 All heterotrophic!
 Ex: lactic acid bacteria (dairy products)
Streptococci (strept throat, scarlet fever)
Staphylococci (skin infections)
Clostridia (tetanus, gangrene, botulism)
Actinomycetes (leprosy / tuberculosis)


Bacterial Infection and
disease
See Prokaryotes and Disease
(Chapter 27)
Diseases Caused by
Bacteria
Tuberculosis
 Syphilis

Mononucleosis
 Tetanus
 Pneumonia

air droplets
sexual
transmission
air droplets
injury
air droplets

The Others
Viruses *
 Kingdom Protista
 Kingdom Fungi

chapter 18
chapter 28
chapter 31
The Endosymbiont Theory
Paramecium caudatum
Entamoeba histolytica
Trypanosoma
Candida albicans
http://www.med.sc.edu:85/mycology/thrush.jpg
http://www.kcom.edu/faculty/chamberlain/Website/fungi.htm
Kingdom
Fungi
Kingdom Animalia
Protista Animalia
Evolution of Animals:
Protozoans
Kingdom Animalia
Multicellular
 Heterotrophic
 Reproduce sexually
 Lack cell walls
 Motile @ some stage in development
 Rapid response to external stimuli

Invertebrate Animal Phyla
Porifera
 Cnidaria
 Platyhelminthes
 Nematoda
 Annelida
 Mollusca
 Arthropoda


Echinodermata
sponges
jellyfish
flatworms
roundworms
earthworms
snail,clam,octopus
insects, spiders,
shellfish
seastars
Vertebrate
Animal Phylum

Chordata!
Chordate Classes
Agnatha
 Chondricthyes
 Osteicthyes
 Amphibia
 Reptilia
 Aves
 Mammalia

jawless fish
sharks, rays
bony fish
frogs, salamanders
snakes, turtles, lizards
birds
mammals!
Mammalian Characteristics
Endothermic (warm blooded)
 Body Hair
 Mammary Glands!

Mammalian Orders
Monotremes
 Marsupials
 Placental Mammals

Body Symmetry
Radiata
- exhibit radial symmetry
- Diploblastic2 layers of tissue form during
embryonic development
ex: phylum Cnidaria
phylum Ctenophora

Bilateria
Bilateral Symmetry
Triploblastic –
3 layers of tissue during embryonic dev.
ectoderm (nervous, integ systems,eye)
mesoderm (skeletal,muscle,blood,kidney)
endoderm (GI / resp. tracts)