Criteria for classification as reported in an ancient Chinese
encyclopedia (Lakoff 1987):
“…it is written that animals are divided into:
those that belong to the Emperor
embalmed ones
those that are trained
suckling pigs
mermaids
fabulous ones
stray dogs
those that tremble as if they were mad
those that have just broken a flower vase
Systematics- studies diversity of life
study and classification of organisms
with the goal of reconstructing their
evolutionary history
Taxonomy- study of classification
science of identifying, naming and
classifying organisms into groups
Linnaeus- 1700’s, Swedish
physician/botanist
Developed binomial naming system
Example of Coral
Classification
The Mushroom Coral
Fungia scutaria
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Anthozoa
Order Scleractinia
Family Fungiidae
Genus Fungia
Species scutaria
Biological Nomenclature
A species is both defined by its
genus name and specific
name.
Ex. Fungia scutaria
Fungia- genus name
scutaria- species name
Table 1. Classification of the Domestic Cat
Category
Domestic Cat
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Chordata
Subphylum
Vertebrata
Class
Mammalia
Order
Carnivora
Family
Felidae
Genus
Felis
Species
silvestri
Biological Species
Organisms that are genetically
similar, and have ability to
interbreed and produce viable,
fertile offspring
Offspring is sterile
mule
donkey
horse
Mode of Reproduction: binary fission, gametes
Cell structure: multi or single celled, nucleus/no nucleus,
cell wall/no cell wall, chlorophyll present/not present,
Internal/External skeleton: back bone, bone/cartilage
Energy: autotrophic, heterotrophic, chemotrophic
Respiratory system: gills, lungs, gas exchange
across skin/epithelium
Circulatory system: closed/open, # of chambers in a heart
Classification
Five kingdom system:
Monera
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Six kingdom system:
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Three domain system:
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
E
U
K
A
R
Y
A
Protista
Archaebacteria
Chromista
Eubacteria
Archezoa
Eight kingdom system:
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Six kingdom system:
Monera
Eubacteria
Archaebacteria
Protista
Plantae
Fungi
Animalia
Kingdoms Archaebacteria & Eubacteria
(Monera)


Prokaryotic, single-celled organisms.
Heterotrophic, photoautotrophic, and
chemoautotrophic species.
- Purple sulfur bacteria- chemoautotrophic
- Blue-green algae (cyano)- photoautotrophic
- E. coli- heterotrophic

Some with cell walls, but cell walls
composed of peptidoglycan, not cellulose
(as in higher plants).
Kingdom Protista




Eukaryotic, generally single-celled,
organisms.
If multicellular, then cells not well-oganized
into tissues and organs (more colonies of
cells).
A very heterogeneous group include both
heterotrophic and photoautotrophic forms.
Includes protozoa (e.g., Paramecium,
Amoeba, & Euglena, etc.) and algae (e.g.,
diatoms, dinoflagellates, Volvox, & most
seaweed groups).
Kingdom Protista
• Diatoms
• Dinoflagellates
• Green algae
• Brown Algae
• Red algae
Diatoms
Dinoflagellates
Chlorophyta: Green Algae
Halimeda opuntia
Codium edule
Caulerpa sertularioides
Caulerpa racemosa
Dictyosphaeria cavernosa
Phaeophyta: Brown Algae
Padina japonica
Hydroclathrus
clathratus
Turbinaria ornata
Sargassum polyphyllum
Sargassum echinocarpum
Rhodophyta: Red Algae
Ahnfeltia concinna
Acanthophora spicifera
Hypnea chordacea
Galaxaura fastigiata
Asparagopsis
taxiformis
Kingdom Plantae





Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms with
cells organized into distinct tissues.
Photoautotrophic nutrition.
Most adapted for a terrestrial existence
and possessing vascular tissues.
Cells with chloroplasts and cellulose cell
walls.
Includes mosses, ferns, pine trees,
cycads, ginkgos, and flowering plants.
Kingdom Plantae
Sea grasses
Halophilia hawaiiana- only form of seagrass in Hawaii
Mangroves
Kingdom Fungi
• marine fungi




Eukaryotic, generally multicellular,
organisms (a few species, e.g., yeast are
unicellular).
Heterotrophic, saprophytic (absorptive)
nutrition.
Most with cell walls (usually composed of
chitin) and complex life histories.
Includes molds, yeasts, rusts, and
mushrooms.
Kingdom Animalia





Eukaryotic, multicellular organisms with
cells organized into distinct tissues.
Heterotrophic nutrition
Most exhibit significant capacity for
locomotion.
Cells not surrounded by cell walls.
Includes sponges, sea anemones, snails,
insects, sea stars, fish, reptiles, birds, and
human beings.
Phylogentic Relationships of Animals
Platyhelminthes
Porifera
Mollusca
Cnideria
Nematoda
Arthropoda
Annelida
Echinodermata
pseudo
coelom
segmentation
acoelom
Protostome:
schizocoelem
Deuterostomes:
eucoelom
radial symmetry
bilateral symmetry
no true tissues
true tissue
Ancestral Protist
Chordata
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Porifera
Class Hexactinellida
Class Desmospongia
Class Calcaria
Purple and yellow
tube sponge
Boring sponge
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Cnideria
Class Hydrozoa- hydroids
Class Scyphozoa- jellies
Class Cubozoa- box jellies
Class Anthozoa- corals and anemones
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Ctenophora- comb jellies
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Platyhelmithes- flat worms
Kingdom Animalia
Phylum Mollusca
Class Gastropoda
Subclass Opisthobranchia
Spanish Dancer (nudibranch)
& egg mass
Class Gastropoda
Subclass Prosobranchia
Cone shell
Cowery
periwinkle
Opihi
Triton’s trumpet
Class Polyplacophora (chitons)
Class Bivalvia
Class Cephalopoda
Day octopus
Phylum Echinodermata: Class Echinoidea:
Sea Urchins
Slate pencil urchin
Collector urchin
Echinometra
mathaei
Echinothrix
calamaris
Colobocentrotus
atratus
Class Holothuroidea: Sea Cucumbers
Polyplectana
kerfersteninii
Holothuria atra
Class Asteroidea: Sea Stars
Linckia sp.
Acanthaster planci
Class Ophiuroidea: Brittle Stars
Echinodermata: Class Crinoidea: Feather
Stars
Phylum Arthropoda
Spiny lobster
Anemone carrying
hermit crab
Yellow spotted
guard crab
Hawaiian cleaner shrimp
Banded coral shrimp
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Vertebrata
Class Chondrichthyes
Class Osteichthyes
680 species of fish in the islands' waters.
About 30% of these fish are endemic to the area .
Domino damsel
Trigger (Humu)
White mouthed
morey
Porcupine
Dwarf moray
Achilles tang
trumpetfish
Class Amphibia
Rana cancrivora
Class Reptilia
Saltwater crocodile
Marine iguana
Marine turtle
Sea snake
Class Aves
Class Mammalia
Whales & Dolphins
Polar bear
Sea otter
Seals & sealions
manatee
Dugong