Ch.19, section 2
Image from: http://evans.amedd.army.mil/lab/micro.htm
• A nonliving particle that needs a
host cell to survive
Hepatitis
HIV
Bacteriophage
Images from: http://www.cosmosmagazine.com/node/1024; http://www.digitalhen.co.uk/news/health-14328300; http://www.ght.org.uk/news/category/non-progressors
Made of 2 important
things:
1. Contains
either DNA or RNA
2. surrounded by a
protein coat known
as a CAPSID
Video clip 1 + 2
1. Lytic Cycle
--virus IMMEDIATELY makes more
viruses and destroys the host cell
2. Lysogenic cycle
--These viruses can hide in host until
signaled to replicate
Image from: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_concepts_5/30/7911/2025347.cw/index.html
Thus, Not all viruses replicate immediately.
Lytic Cycle viruses
Lysogenic Cycle
viruses
Video clip 3
Rabies
Chicken pox
Influenza
Images from: http://bacvirpara.blogspot.com/2011/07/varicella-zoster-virus-chicken-pox.html http://www.utmb.edu/virusimages/ http://www.doctortipster.com/6952-dutch-researcher-created-asuper-influenza-virus-with-the-potential-to-kill-millions.html;
1. Bacteriophage
• a VIRUS that
attacks bacteria
• Have a protein
"tail" attached that
is used to infect the
host bacteria.
2. Tobacco Mosaic Virus
= example of a plant virus
Image from: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_concepts_5/30/7911/2025347.cw/index.html
3. Ebola
= example
of an animal
virus
Image from: http://giantelectric.blogspot.com/2011/10/5-of-most-horrifying-things-ive-ever.html; http://www.betterworldbooks.com/the-hot-zone-id-0385479565.aspx
4. HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)
• This virus can lead
to AIDS
• Is an example of a
retrovirus
Contains RNA and
reverse transcriptase
Video clip HIV and AIDS
Image from: http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/viruses/hivvirus.html; http://scienceline.org/2007/07/scientists-moser-hiv-epidemiologist/
5. Influenza Virus
• RNA containing
virus
• Mutates rapidly
Image from: http://www.utmb.edu/virusimages/; http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/cells/viruses/influenzavirus.html;
Video clip 4 + 5
• Viral infections
usually involve
several parts of
the body
• Examples:
Cold and flu
Image from: http://lynnkerewchiropractic.com/blog/all-natural-remedies-for-the-flu/
• Antibiotics CANNOT KILL viruses
• Instead, VACCINES are used to
PREVENT viruses.
o Vaccine=
A dead or
weakened
version of a
virus that helps
to increase
immunity in the
host
Measles Outbreaks Video Clips
Part 1: http://video.msnbc.msn.com/all-in-/52860666#52860666
Part 2: http://video.msnbc.msn.com/all-in-/52860666#52860720
Image from: http://www.sheknows.com/parenting/articles/851253/doctors-debate-the-benefits-of-vaccine-cocooning/
Video clip vaccines and
eradicate smallpox
1. Video Clips
Discovery Streaming “Understanding Viruses”
Clips to show
• Play part 1 time 2:30 to 17:20 (you will stop the playing after the
section on vaccines—so right when the section describing mutations
comes on, hit stop)
• Then show clip 11, “The Death of Disease: Efforts to Eradicate
Smallpox” (time 28:58)
• Then show clip 16, “HIV and AIDS” (time 38:43)
• Finally show clip 18, “Using Viruses to Cure Genetic Diseases” (time
45:00)
Understanding: Viruses. Discovery Channel School (1997). Retrieved June 4, 2008, from
unitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/
2. Vaccines
Web Activity
3. Spread of Disease
Activity
Website for activity=
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/bioterror/vaccines.html
Image from: http://www.123rf.com/photo_4335978_pipette-with-drop-ofliquid-over-test-tubes-for-an-experiment-in-a-science-research-lab.html
Microbiology
The study of:
microscopic organisms
(bacteria) and particles
(viruses)
Bacteria . . .
 Are prokaryotic cells
 Are unicellular
 Most numerous
organisms on Earth
 First forms of life on
Earth
Web visual found at http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/cells/scale/
Benefits of Prokaryotes:
+ food production
+ digestion
+ water purification
+ environment—
decomposers
oil spills
+ list is ENDLESS!!
—spoil foods
—cause disease
Environmental Conditions:
a)
Obligate aerobe= require oxygen to live
b)
Obligate anaerobe= require a complete
absence of oxygen to live
c)
Facultative anaerobe= either/or (can
survive with oxygen, but doesn’t need it)
 Fill in diagram
1. MOST bacteria reproduce
by BINARY FISSION
(see picture )
2. Conjugation: some
bacteria exchange genetic
info by forming a
temporary bridge
3. Endospore: some bacteria
form an endospore and go
dormant when conditions
are unfavorable
Image from: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_concepts_5/30/7910/2025031.cw/index.html
Conjugation
Images from: http://www.3dscience.com/3D_Images/Biology/Bacterial/Bacterial_Types/Conjugation.php; http://bacteriakingdoms.com/conjugation-bacteria
“To appreciate the explosive
potential for population increase,
consider a single bacterium that
can reproduce by fission every
20 minutes under ideal
conditions. There would be two
bacteria after 20 minutes, four
after 40 minutes, eight after 80
minutes, and so on. If this
continued for a day and a half—
a mere 36 hours—there would
be bacteria enough to form a
layer a foot deep over the entire
Earth.” ~pg. 730
Campbell, N., Reece, J., Taylor, M., Simon, E. (2006).
Biology:Concepts and Connections. Fifth edition. New
York: Pearson Benjamin Cummings.
Image from: http://wps.aw.com/bc_campbell_concepts_5/30/7923/2028311.cw/index.html
Shapes
Prefixes
1.
1.
= pair
= sphere
2.
2.
= rod
3.
= chain
3.
= spiral
= bunch
Images from: http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/bacteria.htm
Streptococcus
Strep Throat
Shape?
Rod - Bacillus
Escherichia coli - e.coli
Shape?
Bacillus anthracis
Death from anthrax is due to oxygen depletion
Shape?
Spiral - Spirillum
Cholera
Intestinal infection caused by ingestion of
contaminated food or water.
• Bacterial infections
are USUALLY
localized at single
point
• Examples:
o strep throat
o urinary tract
infections
o most ear
infections
o some sinus
infections
Image from: http://lynnkerewchiropractic.com/blog/all-natural-remedies-for-the-flu/
• Antibiotics CAN KILL bacteria
• Antibiotic = Drugs that combat bacteria by
interfering with various cellular functions.
o Antibiotic
resistant
bacteria = ?
Alexander Fleming discovers penicillin in 1929
Images from: http://herbarium.usu.edu/fungi/funfacts/penicillin.htm; http://www.positivehealth.com/article/candida/superbugs-is-this-the-final-warning
Superbacteria:
Evolution in Action
The misuse and
overuse of antibiotics
has lead to the evolution
of resistant bacteria.
MRSA, TB, gonorrhea,
malaria & typhoid fever
have all evolved
because of antibiotic
misuse.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/e
ducators/lessons/lesson6/act1.html
• There are more bacterial cells in your
body than there are human cells.
• Scientists estimate that bacteria produce
nearly half the oxygen found in the
atmosphere
• There are more microbes on your body
than there are humans on the entire
planet.
• An area of skin as small as 6.5 square cm
(1 square inch) may be home to more
than half a million microbes.
1. Video Clips
United Streaming: “Understanding Bacteria”
Clips to show
• Play through the first four full segments—1-under the microscope:
anthrax 1:24, 2-understanding bacteria 3:55, 3-the good and bad
sides of bacteria 11:06, and 4-Penicillin: From creation to resistance
5:15—then stop the video when “gold bug” comes up and discuss
what was viewed with the class).
Understanding: Bacteria. Discovery Channel School(2004). Retrieved June 4, 2008, from
unitedstreaming: http://streaming.discoveryeducation.com/
2. Mysteries of the
Black Death Video
3. Viruses vs Bacteria
Venn Diagram
Image from: http://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/secrets_of_the_dead_mystery_of_the_black_death/