WORLD WAR II
World War II
Although times
were hard in the
United States
throughout the
Great Depression
they were worse in
other countries.
DICTATORS of WWII
• Rise of dictators throughout Europe
• Totalitarian- form of government that controls
every aspect of citizens lives
LEADER
COUNTRY
STALIN
MUSSOLINI
HITLER
TOJO
Soviet Union
Italy
Germany
Japan
Form of
Government
Communism
Fascism
Nazism
Militarism
• STALIN- “man of Steel” leader
of the Soviet Union after the
death of Lenin, who started
the Communist Party
• Communism- a totalitarian
system of in which a single
authoritarian government
party controls state-owned
means of production
• Stalin’s Goals
– Increase Agricultural Production5 year plan forming collectivesgovernment owned farms
– Modernize Industry (by 1937, 2nd
largest industrial power)
• Stalin’s Great Purge- killing off
party officials
• http://www.youtube.com/wat
ch?v=SGUEaFElzRY
STALIN
MUSSOLINI
• Mussolini- “Il Duce” the
leader, organized the
fascists party after WWI
• Fascism- philosophy
which places importance
of the nation above the
value of the individual
• Marched on Rome in
1922 with “black shirts”
and was named Prime
minister out of fear by the
king
• Outlawed elections, labor
unions, political parties
• “The Country is Nothing
without Conquest”
• http://www.youtube.com
/watch?v=hIxAsangFZc
• Hitler- Led the Nazi Party
after WWI
• Nazism- philosophy of
racism and nationalism
under a single leader.
Purifying race-Aryan race
(blond hair, blue eyes)
• 1923- failed attempt to
over throw German’s
government, jailed, wrote
“Mien Kampf”- my
struggle while in jail
•
•
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r7Y
9pRxThoA
Hitlers Speech: Lots of emotion
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_Q6H4xOUrs
HITLER
• General Hideki Tojo1941- became leader
of Militarist Japan
• MilitarismPhilosophy of
increased military
power with a strong
sense of nationalism
• Main goal- prepare
the nation for war
and territorial
expansion
TOJO
League of Nations Tested
• 1935- Italy Invades Ethopia
• 1936- Italy Invades North Africa
• 1936- Spanish Civil War- Franco becomes
dictator overthrowing their republic
• 1936 Germany occupies the Rhineland (west
Germany)
• 1936- Germany occupies the Sudentantlands
(Austria, Czechoslovakia)
• APPEASEMENT- giving into an
enemy’s demand in order to
maintain peace
• Munich Pact- Germany, Italy,
Great Britain, and France
agree to allow Hitler to take
the Sudetenland
– Churchill “By this time next
year we shall know whether
the policy of appeasement has
appeased, or whether it has
only stimulated a more
ferocious appetite”
• Non-Aggression Pact- Hitler
signs a non aggression pact
with Stalin in 1939 to avoid a
two front war
Policies and Pacts
WWII BEGINS
• GERMANY INVADES POLAND- Sept 1st 1939France and Britain declare war on Germany
• Blitzkrieg- “Lightening War”
• 1940- Germany invades France, Belgium,
Luxembourg, and the Netherlands
• Britain Stands Alone…
• 1940-Battle of Britain- RAF (Royal Air Force)
defeated Germany in the air and defended their
homeland, despite the bombings and damage
United States Claims Neutrality
• 1935- Neutrality Actsprevented US from supplying
arms to nations of conflict
• 1939- Cash and Carry Policyamendment to the neutrality
acts where countries could
pay cast for materials and
carry them on their own
ships
• 1941- Lend Lease Actlending arms to Britain
• PEARL HARBORDecember 7th 1941- Japan
surprise attacked Pearl
Harbor, a naval base in
Hawaii
• Less than 2 hours… 2,400
Americans Died, 1,200
wounded, 18 Ships and
300 aircraft damaged or
destroyed
• “A Day that will Live in
Infamy”
• US declares war on Japan
the next day
• Germany and Italy declare
war on the US
Japan attacks US
Chapter 35: American Prepare
for War
American Economy Organizing for War
• War Productions Board- WPBswitching to wartime industry,
depression ENDS!
• GDP- Gross Domestic Producttotal value of goods and
services produced in a country
within a year, up 116% from
1940-44
• Taxes and Bonds- used to
finance the war
• National Debt Increased- 1940
50 million 1944 over 200
million
• Price Controls- legal
restrictions of prices used to
control inflation
American GI’s
• GI- Government Issued
• Assembling a Fighting Forcedraftees and volunteers
• Preparing the troops to
fight- 8 weeks of training
• Hardships and
Opportunities- Fear,
Homesick, Stress, but a
feeling of pride, and liberty
in their country
Japanese Americans
• “Enemy Aliens”- Italian, German, Japanese ancestors living in the US had to carry
an ID card to prove they were not spies
• Interment Camps- Center for confining people for reasons of national security
• Executive Order 9066- Feb. 1942, over 100,000 Japanese Americans Forced onto
Internment Camps
• Korematsu vs United States- Fred Korematsu refused to go to an interment camp,
convicted in court. Civil rights can be set aside during a time of war.
• Life in Internment Camps- rows of barracks, barbed wire fences, one room
apartments, common bathrooms and dining areas. No physical labor or harm.
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6mr97qyKA2s&feature=related
Women at War
• Rosie the Riveter- 6 million
additional women took
jobs outside the home to
help wartime production,
pay still less and some
hostility
• “The more women at work,
the sooner we win”
• WAC- Women’s Army Corp,
WAVES, SPARS, all behind
the lines in the war effort
(nurses, pilots, radio
operators)
African American Fight for TWO victories
• Chicago Defender proposed a question “why die for democracy for
some foreign country when we don’t have it hear?”
• Double V Campaign- victory of democracy at home and abroad
• Tuskegee Airmen– 1st black combat unit 1941, showed African
Americans could handle the most demanding assignments. Shot
down 400 German attackers and never lost a bomber plane to
enemies
• Equality on the Homefront- race riots over jobs and inequality
occurred. NAACP and CORE set the stage for post war civil rights
movement
Jewish Americans
• Holocaust- Nazi Germany’s
systematic murder or 11 million
people
• Anti Semitism, Nuremburg Laws,
and Kristalnacht
• Secret State Police or Gestapo
placed the Undesirables in
concentration camps
• Final Solution- death camps,
extermination centers with gas
chambers
• War Refugee Board- 1944 agency
created for Jewish refugees to
stay at centers in Italy and North
Africa at US army camps (to
escape the holocaust)
Mexican Americans
• Many Mexican Americans left the Fields and joined the
army or worked in industrial centers for war production
• Braceros- 120,000 manual laborers from southern
Mexico worked in the fields for food production
• Zoot Suit Riots- Clash between Sailors/Marines and
young Mexican Americans in Barrios (Mexican
Neighborhoods)
Chapter 36: Fighting World War II
Preparing for War
• “Europe First”- FDR and Churchill
• Axis Powers control most of Europe
– Hitler expands West into the Soviet Union
– Hitler expands South into North Africa
(Egypt)
– European suffer under German Occupation
• Jewish Ghettos, to Concentration Camps, to
Death Camps “final solution”
• Roosevelt and Churchill had to decide
their strategy in Europe and had many
options including:
–
–
–
–
Invade German occupied France
Direct attack on Italy
Allied Offensive in North Africa
Moving Troops to the Soviet Union to help
the Red Army defend Hitler
War in Europe, 1942-45
• Allies invade North Africa and Italy
– 1942-43: Dwight D Eisenhower led troops into Tunsia from
Algeria and Morocco
– British Forces stopped Rommel (German) and forced him out of
Egypt
– Battle of El Alamein- North Africa Battle led by Generals George
Patton and Omar Bradley defeated the Italian and German
forces in North Africa, Mussolini was removed from office and
killed
War in Europe, 1942-45
• Battle of STALINGRAD (Soviets take Hitler alone, No help
from the US)
– Hitler invaded the Soviet Union and attempted to use the
Blitzkrieg method to take over Stalingrad
– Russians began a counteroffensive and took down the Nazi
assault
– Brutal Winter, the large territory, and Hitler’s refusal to retreat
helped the Soviets Win
– Turning Point in the War, Soviet Union Victory
– 200,000 Germans died and over 1 million Soviets in this battle
War in Europe,
1942-45
• GERMAN Bombings
– Americans used Precision bombing (hitting specific
targets) on German Territory
– British used Saturation bombing (dropping mass
quantities of bombs over a wide area)
– Goal of German bombings: destroy oil fields, factories,
railroads, and overall destroy Germany’s capacity to
wage war
War in Europe,
1942-45
• D-DAY- the day the invasion
began
– Operation Overlord, June 6th
1944, Invasion of Normandy
(a region in France). Largest
sea invasion ever.
– Eisenhower sent 1,200
warships, 800 transport
ships, 4,000 landing craft,
10,000 airplanes, and
hundreds of tanks
– Allies liberated Paris, France
in August 1944
War in Europe, 1942-45
• Allies liberate Nazi Concentration Camps
– Americans liberate France, Soviets chased
Germans out of the Soviet Union
– The Nazi Party attempted to kill any remaining
prisoners of the Death Camps and shipped
about 60,000 to other camps in Germany.
– Soviet Soldiers who stumbled upon
concentration camps were disgusted. They
found 28 railcars packed with dead bodies and
many survivors died within weeks of liberation.
SS doctors attempted experiments on 3,500
prisoners
– GENOCIDE- systematic killing of a racial,
political, or cultural group
– Holocaust- systematic, state-sponsered,
persecution and murder of Jews and other
minority groups by the Nazi’s
War in Europe,
1942-45
• Battle of the Bulge- Last German offensive in Belgium
(Ardennes Region) where US was the weakest. General
Patton came to the rescue holding off the Germans
• The Red Army had fought its way through Poland.
Hitler committed suicide on April 30th with Soviet
Soldiers ½ mile from his bunker.
• VE Day- Victory in Europe Day was celebrated May 8th
1945 following Germany’s surrender
Preparing for War in the Pacific
• Japan had acquired many territories by 1942, after
Pearl Harbor
– Singapore, Hong Kong, Guam, Wake, Philippines, and
Burma.
– American owned Philippines under General Douglas
MacArthur resisted Japanese takeover. Roosevelt forced
MacArthur to leave but he vowed “I Shall Return”
– Bataan Death March- Japanese rounded up American and
Filipino Prisoners and marched them 63 miles to a prisoner
camp. On the march, nearly 7,000 died.
War in the Pacific
• Doolittle’s Raid- Colonel
James Doolittle, led bombers
to Japan to hit major cities
including Tokyo on April 18th,
1942.
• Battle of Coral Sea
– Japan was moving towards
Australia
– US sent Aircraft carriers to stop
them
– Battle fought entirely in the air
– Americans gained a strategic
victory (Japan’s navy could be
beaten) although fairly similar
losses
Preparing for the War in the Pacific
• Different Strategies, with limited supplies
location was key
– Build bases in the Aleutian Islands, Alaska
– Build bases in China
– Liberating Japanese held territory in the Pacific
War in the Pacific
• Battle of Midway, June 1942
– Turning Point in the War
– Fought entirely in the Air
– Japan’s last offensive attack, US was now on the
offensive
• Leapfrogging or Island Hopping- liberate
different Japanese controlled islands in the Pacific
• Thousands of soldiers died in many of the Island
hopping battles including; Guadalcanal, New
Guinea, Tarawa and Kaipan.
War in the Pacific
• Battle of Iwo Jima
– Bloodiest of the war
– 22,000 Japanese fought to death also using
kamikaze pilots- flying their planes directly into
enemy fleet
– 6,800 Americans died in this US victory
• Battle of Okinawa
– Hand to hand combat for 2 months claimed the
lives of 12,000 American soldiers and more than
100,000 Japanese soldiers
Manhattan
Project
• Manhattan Project- Top Secret program to
develop an atomic weapon, headed by Robert
J. Oppenheimer
– Tested in New Mexico Desert, July 16th 1945
• Truman’s Decision…
– Drop the Atomic Bomb and save American
lives but introduce a deadly weapon and kill
Japanese civilians, but end the war quickly
– Invade Japan, loosing thousands of American
lives and similar number of Japanese, extend
the war for an unestimated time and cost
• US Bombs dropped on Hiroshima (Aug 6th)
and Nagasaki (Aug 9th) killing a combined
120,000 Japanese and up to 250,000 deaths
from burns, radiation poisoning, or cancer
• VJ Day - Victory in Japan day- celebrated on
August 14th 1945, but many mourned the
losses of their loved ones.
•
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t19kvUiHvAE&feature=related
Chapter 37: Aftermath of WWII
Aftermath of WWII:
World Organizations
• WORLD BANK- Designed to provide loans to help
countries recover from the war and develop their
economies.
• International Monetary Fund (IMF)- goal was to
stabilize the world monetary system and establish
uniform exchange rates for foreign currency
• General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)lower tariffs and eliminate barriers to
international trade
World Organizations
• UNITED NATIONS- June 1945, 50 nations signed
the charter for the new International Peace
Keeping Organization to further the causes of
peace, prosperity, and human rights
• Four Freedoms- freedom of speech and
expression, freedom of worship, freedom from
want, and freedom from fear
• UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS1948- affirms basic human rights including right
to life, liberty, and equality before the law and
our 4 freedoms listed above.
Dealing with the Defeated Axis Powers
• WAR CRIMES- violation of
internationally accepted
practices related to waging war
• TRIBUNAL- court
• NUREMBERG WAR CRIMES
TRIALS- 22 members of the
Nazi party were tried with
crimes against humanity. 12
were hanged, 7 prison terms,
and 3 acquitted
Rebuilding Germany and Japan
• Germany- divided into 4
occupation zones, (US,
France, GB, and USSR) and
each would directly rebuild
Germany
• Japan- General Douglas
MacArthur helped rebuild
Japan
– Dissolving Japan’s empire
– Disbanding their military
– Parliamentary government
was set up
– 1951 Japan restored their
independence
Americans Adjust to Postwar Life
• GI Bill of Rights- help war veterans adjust to civilian
life. Provided funds for education and buying homes
• African Americans Seek new opportunities through use
of the GI Bill but with segregation and discrimination it
was difficult
• Women left the factories and some went home, but
others changed jobs to the service sector; nurses,
teachers, librarians, social workers, and bank tellers.
• The war was over, but the 1950s will bring on new
obstacles to overcome in The United States