Lala Varley
1. Nacionalidades
2. Stem Changing Verbs
3. Para
4. Indirect Object Pronouns
5. Pronoun Placement
6. Gustar
7. Affirmative and Negative Words
8. Superlatives
9. Reflexives
10. Affirmative tu commands + irregulars +
pronoun placement
11. Negative tu command + irregulars +
pronoun placement
12. Sequencing events
13. Preterite (trigger words)
14. –car, -gar, -zar
15. Deber and inf.
16. Modal verbs
16. Present progressive
17. Adverbs
18. Trigger words, car gar zar, spock,
snake/snakey, cucaracha
19. Demonstrative
20. Future Tense
21.
• Boot Verbs change only inside the “boot’’
• There are four kind of boot verbs.
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O-ue
E-ie
E-I
U-ue
• The endings remain the same for –ar , -er, and –ir verbs.
• Nosotros and Vosotros forms do not change.
• Can be used to a repetition of the noun and answer the
question whom? Or what? About the verb.
REPLACES
• Pes, ya tienes ropa de verano.
• Claro que la tengo.
• Indirect objects are nouns that tell to whom/what or for whom/what. They are to
replace or accompany indirect objects.
Singular:
• Me (me)
• Te (you familiar)
• Te (you formal, him, her)
Plural:
• Nos (us)
• Os (you familiar)
• Tes (you, them)
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1. attach the pronoun to the infinitive
2. attach the pronoun to a progressive tense
3. attach the pronoun to an affirmative command
4. place the pronoun before a conjugated verb
How do you know where indirect object pronouns go in a sentence?
• When the pronoun accompanies a conjugated verb, the pronoun comes before the
verb.
• When the pronoun accompanies a sentence with an infinitive, it can either go before
the conjugated verb or be attached to the end of the infinitive.
• When you want to express what activities people like to do you use these
phrases with an infinitive.
me gusta…
te gusta…
le gusta…
nos gusta…
os gusta…
les gusta…
• When you want to talk about things that people like, change the form of
gustar to match the singular or plural nouns for those things.
• When you want to talk about an indefinite or negative situation,
you use an affirmative or negative word.
Affirmative Words:
• Algo (something)
• Alguien (someone)
• Algun/Alguno(a) (same)
• Siempre (always)
• Tambien (also)
Negative Words:
• Nada (nothing)
• Nadie ( no one)
• Ningun/Ninguno(a) (none, not any)
• Nunca (never)
• Tampoco (neither, either)
Notice that alguno(a) and ninguno(a) must match the gender of the noun they replace or
modify. Alguno and ninhuno have different forms when used before masculine singular
nouns.
Alguno
algun
ninguno
ningun
• Suffix:
-Isimo, isimos, isima, isimas
*added to adjectives and adverbs
*equivalent to extremely or very before an adjective or adverb.
• Change Spelling!
-Rico > requisimo
-larga> larguisima
-feliz > felicismo
*adjectives that end in –n or –r form by adding -cisimola
What does a reflexive pronoun do?
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Shows that the direct object is the same of the do-er.
In reflexive construction, the subject is also the object.
A person does as well as receives the action.
The subject, the pronoun, and verb are all in the same form.
For example:
-Yo me levanto a las ocho de la manana.
-Ella se despierta muy temprano.
-Mis hermanas se maquillan es su cuarto.
Position of Pronouns:
1) IN FRONT of a conjugated verb
2) Attached to a gerund
3) Attached to an infinitive
How do you form these verbs?
1) Conjugate the verb as always
2) Add the reflexive pronouns (me, te, se, nos, os, se)
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Di
Haz
Ve
Pon
Sal
Se
Ten
Ven
(Decir)
(Hacer)
(Ir)
(Poner)
(Salir)
(Ser)
(Tener)
(Venir)
DOP + placement rules are the same
thing!
Tu Commands:
Irregular Commands:
Pronoun Placement:
1) Positive
• Drop the ‘s’
2) Negative
• put into yo form
• Change the vowel
• Add an ‘s’
3) Irregulars
• Decir
Di
• Hace
Haz
• Ir
Ve
• Ser
Se
• Poner Pon
• Venir
Ven
• Tenir
Ten
• Salir
Sal
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
1) Infinitive
2) Gerund
3) Before a conjugated
verb
4) Affirmative
command**
Ex: Do it! Hazlo!
T- tener (no tengas)
V- venir (no vengas)
D-dar/decir (no des/digas)
I- Ir
(no vayas)
S- ser (no seas)
H- hacer(no hagas)
E- estar (no estes)
S- saber (no sepas)
First
Then
After
Finally
Primero
Entonces
Luego/Despues
Por fin
Antes de/ Despues de
Before/ After
Por la manana/tarde/noche
In/during the … (NO SPECIFIC TIME GIVEN)
AR:
-é
Hablé
-amos
hablamos
-aste
hablaste
-ó
Habló
ER/IR:
-í
Comí
-imos
comimos
-iste
comiste
-aron
hablaron
-ió
Comió
-ieron
comieron
*Note –car ending preterite verbs in the yo form will change to –que in order to
keep the hard ‘c’ sound: ex. Yo saqué (sacra) la basura ayer.
-car
yo
qué
-gar
yo
gué
-zar
yo
cé
Trigger Words for Preterito:
• Un dia
• Una vez
• Ayer
• Hace un año
• El mes pasado
• Anteayer
• Por una hora
• Por fin
• A las ocho
• El cinco de Febrero
• The verb deber means should or ought to. To say what people
should do, use a conjugated form of deber with the infinitive of
another verb.
Deber
debo
debemos
debes
debéis
debe
deben
• When verbs are used in modal verb combinations:
• The second verb isn't conjugated, but rather left in the infinitive form. You
would NEVER say “no puedo nado”
Deber - should/ought to
Desear – to desire
Necesitar – to need
Poder – can/could/might be able to
Querer – want/would like to
Saber – to know how to/know
Soler – usually/used to
• Some verbs you know have irregular present participle forms.
• When the stem of an –er or –ir verb emds in a vowel, change the –iendo
to-yendo to form the present participle.
•e
i stem-changing verbs have a vowel change in the stem
• Some other verbs also have vowel change in the stem.
• For adjectives with –o or –a endings, add –mente to feminine
form.
• When you use two adverbs, drop the –mente from the first one.
adjective
adverb
Cuidadoso(a)
careful
Cuidadosamente
carefully
Rápido(a)
quick
Rápidamente
quickly
Lento(a)
slow
Lentamente
slowly
Tranquilo(a)
calm
Tranquilamente
calmly
• Use when telling someone NOT to do
• Formed by taking you form for the present tense, dropping the
-o and adding the appropriate ending.
Ex. Hablo  -es for –ar verbs
Vuelvo  -as for –er and –ir verbs
Infinitive
Yo form
Negative tú command
Hablar
Hablo
No hables
Volver
Vuelvo
Vuelvas
Venir
• A few verbs have irregular negative tú commands. Notice thar
none of the yo forms of these verbs end in –o.
Infinitive (yo form)
Negative tú command
Dar (doy)
No le des mi dirección a nadie.
Estar(estoy)
No estés triste.
Ir (voy)
No vayas a la tienda.
Ser (soy)
No seas mala.
SNAKE
Stem Changers
CUCARACHA
• Dormir
Andar
Anduve-
Dormí
Estar
Estuve-
Dormimos
Poder
Pud-
Dormiste
Poner
Pus-
Durmió
Quere
Quis-
Durmieron
Saber
Sup-
SNAKEY
Tener
Tuv-
Y Changers
• Leer
Venir
Vin-
AR
ER/IR
É
Í
Aste
Iste
Ó
Ió
Amos
Imos
Aron
ieron
-e
-imos
-iste
-isteis
-o
-ieron
Leí
Leimos
Conducir
Conduj-
Leiste
Producir
Produj-
Leyó
Traducir
Traduj-
Leyeron
EL PRETÉRITO
• Point out nouns
• -this, that, these, those
• Proceed nouns they follow and agree in gender and number
Este esta
estos estas
Ese
Esa
esos esas
Aquel aquella
aquellos aquellas
*This and these get the “t’s”
*esto, eso and aquello are neuters
*no accent mark on adjective demonstratives but there are accents
on pronouns
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Primera
Segunda
Tercera
Cuarta
Quinta
Sexta
Sptima
Octava
Novena
Decima
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Izquierda (de), derecha (de)
delante (de), detrás (de)
Cerca (de), lejos (de)
…..y algo mas
Afuera (de), adentro (de)
Debajo (de, encima (de)
Entre, al lado (de)
…..se termina la rima
• You can use: ir + a + infinitive
Ex. Vamos a ESTUDíAR en la biblioteca.
• You can use the present tense when the context makes it clear
that you are talking about the future.
Ex. Mañana ALQUILAMOS una película.
• You can also use the future tense. You form the future tense by
adding a special set of endings to the infinitive.
Ex.
Comer
To eat
Comeré
Comeremos
Comerás
Comeré
Comer
• Adj (of mine, yours, his)
Mío(s) Mía(s)
tuyo(s) tuya(s)
Suyo(s) suya(s)
Nuestro(s)
nuestra(s)
Vuestro(s)
vuestra(s)
*placed AFTER the noun
they modify
Demonstrative adj. :
(article) + (noun) + de+
(sub. Pronoun)
Pronouns
Same form as stressed adj.
Definite articles:
EL
LOS
LA
LAS
*omitted when stressed poss. Pronoun follows
the verb ser
• Triggers:
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Todos los días
A menudo
A veces
Siempre
Cada día
Los lunes
Generalmente
Mientras
De vez en cuando
Muchas veces
frecuentemente
Uses:
1. Ongoing action (was/were)
2. Repeated action (used to)
3. No definite beginning or end
4. Time/date/age/feelings/descriptions
5. Interrupted activity (cuando)
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Me
Te
se
Nos
Os
Les
Demonstrate or point out nouns
 This, that, these, those
Proceed nouns that follow & agree in GENDER & NUMBER
1. este, esta, estos & estas are close to the speaker
2. Ese, esa, esos & esas aren’t necessarily close to the speaker but are
close to the listener
3. Aquel, aquella, aquellos & aquellas are away from both the
speaker and the listener
Aquí- this & these
Allí- that over there
Allá- that WAY over there
NEUTERS:
• Esto, eso & aquello
Use if unsure about gener
NEVER carry an accent mark!!!
THIS AND THESE GET THE “T’S”
No accent mark on adjective
demonstratives but there are accents on
pronouns.
FIN