TOPIC 1.2.5
The Skeletal System
Lesson 1 - Objectives
• Develop knowledge and understanding of the function of
the skeleton
• Understanding the four different classifications of bones
• Understand how each type of bone helps a sportsperson
GRADE YOUR LEARNING
C – Understand the 5 functions of the human skeleton
B – Know the key bones within the human body and
understand what classification they are.
A – Link the bones and there classification to sports
Function of the Skeleton
SHAPE:
The way the bones are arranged gives us our general framework and
shape. This is really important in sports as different sports need
different body sizes / builds.
GIVE 2 EXAMPLES
SUPPORT:
As bones are firm and rigid they can support the rest of the body and
keep us upright. The muscles are held in place by being attached to
bones.
MOVEMENT:
The bones work with the muscles to allow us to move. This is really
important in sport as it allows athletes to perform the actions required.
Function of the Skeleton
PROTECTION:
Some bones within the body protect the internal organs. These are
bones that are arranged in a way that encloses other parts of the body
so shielding them from potential danger. This is really important in
some sports where contact occurs.
PRODUCTION OF BLOOD CELLS:
The long bones of the body produce red and white blood cells. As blood
cells keep wearing out it is important that the body continues to
produce new ones to keep up with the demand.
Classifications of Bones
LONG BONES
These are the most common within the body. They are long and thin
and provide leverage during sports. These are key within body for
generating speed and power.
SHORT BONES
These are small bones that are used to produce fine movements in the hand /
wrist. They can also be found in the ankle and allow us to make small
adjustments to help us keep our balance.
Classifications of Bones
FLAT BONES
These are tough and can withstand hard impact. These often surround
important parts of the body and protect them. These are really
important for contact sports like rugby e.g. Cranium
IRREGUAR BONES
These types of bone, like the vertebrae, work together and act as shock
absorbers. These are important in sports where people jump as it helps the
body take the pressure placed on it.
TASK
Using the text book label the diagrams on page 5 of your
booklet.
Once you have labelled the diagrams use a different
coloured pencil in show what classification of bone each
one is.
RELATE TO SPORT
Work through page 6 and 7 in your booklets. Explain how
the different bones help the athletes pictured.
MAKE SURE YOU EXPLAIN YOUR ANSWERS
HOMEWORK
Complete page 8 in your booklet.
Name and explain how THREE types of bones are used in
badminton and basketball?
NOTE: Give specific sporting examples e.g. short bones
are used in cricket to help a spin bowler spin the ball.
Lesson 2 - Objectives
• Develop knowledge and understanding of the different
types of joints.
• Understanding what movement is allowed there.
• Understand how each type of joint helps a sportsperson
GRADE YOUR LEARNING
C – Know the three main joints.
B – Understand what movement they allow.
A – Can link the importance of each joint to specific
sporting examples.
STARTER
Looking back at the work done last week and name the
bones being pointed out in the pictures on page 9 and
explain why they are important in that particular sport.
Joint Classifications
FIXED
These bones are fused together and do not allow any movement
e.g. plates of bones are fused together to make up the cranium.
Slightly Moveable Joints
These joints allow for small amounts of movement e.g.
vertebrae. Cartilage between the bones acts as a cushion and
prevents the bones from knocking together.
Freely Moveable Joints
These are more commonly know as SYNOVIAL JOINTS. These
give us a wide range of movement and allow us to move freely in
sport e.g. knee, elbow.
SYNOVIAL JOINTS
There are 6 types of synovial joints which are:
• Ball and Socket Joint
• Hinge Joint
• Pivot Joint
• Saddle Joint
• Condyloid Joint
• Gliding Joint
3 Main Synovial Joints
Ball and Socket Joints
These types of joints are located at the shoulder and the hip.
These types of joints allow the following types of movement:
• Flexion and Extension
• Abduction and Adduction
• Rotation
Hinge Joints
These types of joints are located at the elbow and knee. A hinge
joint only allows flexion or extension to occur.
Pivot Joints
This type of joint is located in the neck and elbow. They involve
an axis and atlas, with the atlas fitting onto the axis. This type of
joint only allows rotation.
Tasks
1)
Label the diagram at the bottom of page 11 and colour
in the position of the joints just looked at.
Look at page 12. Explain how all three joints looked at
are used in:
• Football
• Tennis
• Swimming
2)
Past Exam Questions
Complete the questions on page 13 and 14 in your
booklets.
Extension Work (at the back of your booklets)
1) Explain the movements that occur when someone
bowls in cricket and the joints that are involved.
2) Explain the movements that occur when a right handed
players swings a golf club and the joints that are
involved.
Lesson 3 - Objectives
• Develop knowledge and understanding of the structure of
a synovial joint.
• Understanding why this is important in sport.
• Re-cap the different movements possible at joints.
GRADE YOUR LEARNING
C – Know what makes up a synovial joint.
B – Know and understand the movements possible at the
joints.
A – Can link the movements possible at each joint to
different sporting situations.
STARTER
• Complete the starter on page 15 of your booklets.
The Structure of a Synovial Joint
Cartilage
Cartilage is used as a shock absorber within the joints. It acts as
a cushion so that the bones do not rub together and wear away.
It basically prevents the bones rubbing together and causing
friction.
2) Synovial Fluid
This helps lubricate the joint, allowing all the different parts to
move against each other freely.
3) Synovial Membrane
This is where the synovial fluid is produced. The fluid synovial
capsule is surrounds this and is what holds the fluid in place.
4) Ligaments
Ligaments surround the sides of the joint and are made of tough
elastic fibres. It is the ligaments that hold bones in place, so
keeping the joint stabilised.
1)
The Importance of Cartilage in Sport
Cartilage is vital in any sports where continued pressure is
placed upon them. For example cartilage is vital for long
distance runners as they are always putting pressure on
their knees when running. This is also the case in events
were jumping is key e.g. triple jump, basketball.
The Importance of Ligaments in Sport
Ligaments are vital in sports were running, stopping and
changing direction are all key e.g. badminton, netball etc.
This is because in these sports the joints are placed under
a lot of pressure. When changing speed / direction the
ligaments help keep the bones in the right place.
If ligaments are stretched to far joints can dislocate
resulting in the bones being displaced within the joint.
Movements Possible at Joints
• Using your knowledge, explain:
1) Extension
2) Flexion
3) Adduction
4) Abduction
Movements Possible at Joints
• Plantar Flexion:
The action of pointing your toes.
• Dorsi Flexion:
The action of moving the toes towards the body when
standing / landing on your heels.
• Rotation:
The joint moves in a circular motion.
Tasks
Page 18
Name what movement is occurring at the joints listed in
each picture.
Page 19
Explain what movements occur in the ELBOWS and
SHOULDERS during the swimming strokes listed.
NOTE: Make sure you start at the beginning of a stroke
and explain what happens at each phase.
Lesson 4 - Objective
• Develop knowledge and understanding of the effect
exercise has on the skeletal system.
• Understand injuries associated with the skeletal system.
• Link these injuries to specific sports.
GRADE YOUR LEARNING
C – Know what injuries can occur to the skeletal system.
B – Understand the short term and long term effect of
exercise on the skeletal system.
A – Can link both the effects of exercise and injuries to
specific sports.
Short Term Effects (Immediate)
Exercise causes bones to become bigger and stronger.
This allows them to be able to withstand more pressure
from weight bearing exercise.
WHY WOULD CYCLING and SWIMMING NOT AFFECT
THIS?
Long Term Effects
DENSITY
Regular exercise causes bones to become more dense
(stronger). This will allow athletes to train / work for longer and
will reduce the risk of OSTEOPOROSIS.
FLEXIBILITY
More synovial fluid is produced. This means that the joints
become more flexible allowing a wider range of movement to
occur.
TENDONS + LIGAMENTS
These become stronger, stabilizing the joints so that they can
withstand an increased workload and more pressure.
CARTILAGE
Cartilage around the end of the bones becomes thicker, again
allowing the athlete to withstand more pressure.
Injuries Associated with the Skeletal
System
Using the text books explain the injuries associated with
the skeletal system on page 21 + 22 of your work book.
DIET
To keep the bones healthy and strong CALCIUM is required within our
diet. Calcium gives bones strength and can prevent the onset of
OSTEOPOROSIS. The main sources of calcium are milk, cheese and
other dairy products.
Vitiman D also helps to maintain bone mass. This is produced in the
body when sunlight hits our skin. It can also be found in eggs and fish.
TASK
Page 23 in your workbooks.
Give 2 examples of sports where these injuries could occur
in and give a reason for your answer.
HOMEWORK
Start revising for next weeks TEST on the MUSCULAR and
SKELETAL systems.
REMEMBER the three tests are on ‘MOODLE’ so look over
them to help your revision.