 What
 What
did plants evolve from?
sets plants apart from other
kingdoms?
 What is the evolutionary sequence of the
occurrence of seeds, vascular system,
flowers, and the dominant stages in
alternation of generations?
 Be able to label the parts of the seed and
flower.
 What is double fertilization and which plants
undergo double fertilization?
Remember: These traits helped plants adapt to life out of the
water
 Sporopollenin
is a
tough polymer that
keeps the plant from
drying out.
SPORES



Usually haploid
Smaller than a seed
Usually single celled
SEEDS



Have a supply of stored
food
Contains a zygote (fused
sex cells) so is diploid
Multicellular layers of
tissue

A specialized structure
on the plant that
produces gametes
• Female gametangia:
archegonia
• Male gametangia:
antheridia
* The gametes will fuse
to form an embryo
(Key to the term
embryophytes which
defines plants)
 Area
*Algae do not have true roots, leaves or
in roots and
shoots
shoots where cells
divide to elongate the
roots and shoots.
Gametes
 Spores
• Male gamete
• Microspore
• Female gamete
• Megaspore
 Gametangia
• Archegonia
 Sporocytes
 Sporangia
(sporangium)
• Antheridia
• Megasporangium
 Gametophyte
• Microsporangium
 Sporophyte

Gametes – a haploid
reproductive cell

• Male gamete - pollen or
• Microspore – a spore that
sperm
• Female gamete - egg


Gametophyte – gamete
producing plant
Gametangia – multicellular
organs that produce gametes
• Archegonia – female
gametanga
• Antheridia – Male gametanga
Spores – haploid cell that
will give rise to a new
organism
develops into a male
gametophyte
• Megaspore – a spore that
develops into a female
gametophyte


Sporophyte - spore
producing plant
Sporangia – multicellular
organs that produce the
spores
• Megasporangium – female
sporangia
• Microsporangium – male
sporangia

Sporocytes – Cells that
undergo meiosis to make
spores
 Gametophore
 Gametophore
–
gamete bearer
 Sporophylls
–
modified leaves that
bear sporangia(spore
producing organ)
This includes sori in
ferns, cones in
gymnosperms and
flowers in
angiosperms
 Sporophylls
Alternation of Generations
Contain multicellular stages
Is found in
Gametophytes
Give rise to
In moss
the
dominant
stage is
In
gymnosperms
the dominant
stage is
In ferns
the
dominant
stage is
Which is (2n or n?)
In
angiosperms
the dominant
stage is
Sporophytes
Give rise to
Which is (2n or n?)
Sporophyte
Moss
Fern
Gymnosperm
Angiosperm
Gametophyte
Sporophyte
Gametophyte
Moss
The small structure that
contains the sporangium
Gametophore (gamete
bearer) – the main part of
the moss
Fern
The main plant considered
the fern
Small structure that looks
like a lilly pad
Gymnosperm
The tree
The grown megaspore
which is made up of two or
three cells, and the
developed microspore
(pollen) that has
developed into two cells
Angiosperm
The flower
The female gametophyte
is everything within the
megasporangium, the
male gametophyte is the
two cells within the pollen
grain
Traits
 Multicellular embryo (all
plants, not algae)
 Non – vascular
• This requires them to be
small
• Vascular plants have
cells that are joined to
produce tubes that
transport water and
nutrients
 Live in damp/moist
conditions so sperm can be
transferred to the egg
Examples: Liverworts, hornworts and
mosses
Gametophyte life cycle
is dominant
Traits
 Vascular tissue (allows
them to grow taller)
• Xylem: transport water
and minerals
• Phloem: transports sugar
and amino acids (sap)
Use water to transport
sperm to egg
 Has true roots
and leaves

Ex. Lycophytes and Pterophytes
Sporophyte life cycle is
dominant
ANGIOSPERMS

A flowering plant, which
forms seeds inside a
protective chamber called
an ovary.
GYMNOSPERMS

A vascular plant that bears
naked seeds – seeds not
enclosed in specialized
chambers
 Fig
30.6
 Fig
30.10
 Dissect
the flower
 Label the parts
 In
your notes, list the main characteristics
of each (pg 631) and then take a corn
seed and a green bean seed. You must
determine which is a monocot and which
is a eudocot