NON-VASCULAR
PLANTS
JRMG 2010
Bio1
WHAT ARE
PLANTS?????
KINGDOM PLANTAE
• Multicellular eukaryotes
• CW: cellulose
• Chlorophyll a and b
• “STATIONARY ANIMALS
EAT SUNLIGHT”
• Immobile
• Alternation of Generations
Basic Plant LIFE CYCLE
NEEDS of PLANTS
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•
•
•
Sunlight
Water
Minerals
Gas
Overview of Plant Evolution
• Algae- water
• Land plants
– Light and CO2
– Water and Minerals
– Shoot system
• Cuticle (2º product)
• Lignin
• Sporopollenin*
HOW DID PLANTS
BECOME SUCCESFUL ON
LAND????????
PLANT EVOLUTION:
AS EMBRYOPHYTES
• Gametes: non-aquatic environment
• Embryos: protected
• From EARLY PLANTS:
– Gametangia
• Production, protection, site of fertilization
– Transformation to Embryophytes
EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS
• Oxygen existence
– Algae
– Photosynthetic prokaryotes
• Ancestral algal species
– Charophytes
• Cooksonia
CHAROPHYTES
• branch of Phylum Chlorophyta
• plant ancestor
Chara braunii
CHAROPHYTES
Chaetosporidium
Choleochaete orbicularis
Cooksonia
Kingdom Plantae
History of Terrestrial Adaptation
Charophytes: aquatic ancestors
• 1ST ADAPTATION: Spores→Sporopollenin
– Jacketed gametangia
• EMERGENCE OF BRYOPHYTES
Sporopollenin
Cuticle
Gametangia
• 2ND ADAPTATION: Vascular tissues
• EMERGENCE OF VASCULAR PLANTS
• 3RD ADAPTATION: ORIGIN OF SEED
• Colonization of land plants
– Naked seeds
• EMERGENCE OF GYMNOSPERMS
• 4TH ADAPTATION: Modification of seeds
– Protective coat
• EMERGENCE OF ANGIOSPERMS
BREAKDOWN OF K. PLANTAE
• Non- vascular plants
– P. Bryophyta, P. Hepatophyta and
P. Anthocerophyta
• Vascular plants/ TRACHEOPHYTA
– Gymnosperms
– Angiosperms
NON- VASCULAR PLANTS
• Without vascular tissue
• Life cycle depends: water (reproduction)
PHYLUM BRYOPHYTA
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•
•
•
Environment: water
Moist habitat and nutrient poor soil
Can tolerate low temp
STRUCTURE
– Stalk + capsule= sporophyte
– Leaf like and stem like structure
• gametophyte
• Life cycle
(http://www.zo.utexas.edu/faculty/sjasper/bio213/plants.html)
Sphagnum
PHYLUM HEPATOPHYTA
• Liverworts
• Gametophyte: umbrella like (gametangia)
– Archaegonium
– Antheridium
• ASEXUAL REPRODUCTION: Gemmae
– Haploid cells
– Gemmae cups
Marchantia polymorpha
Female gametophyte
Male gametophyte
SEXUAL REPRODUCTION
RHIZOID
Asexual Reproduction
PHYLUM ANTHOCEROPHYTA
• Damp soil
• Sporophyte: horn-like
• Sporophyte reamins attached to the
gametophyte
– divides continuously
• Large chloropast/cell
Anthoceros
Dendroceros
Dendroceros
LIFE CYCLE:
SEXUAL