Improvement of Hazardous
Waste Management
in Turkey
Ülkü Yetiş
Department of Environmental Engineering
METU
OUTLINE
• Hazardous Wastes ?
• Legislation
– EU
– National
• Current Situation in Turkey
• Project
– Inventory of HWs
– Information System
– Collection System
• Conclusions
Hazardous Wastes ?
• Any waste or combination of wastes
with the potential to damage human
health, living organisms or the
environment
• Hazardous wastes require special handling
and disposal procedures
European Wide Definition of HW by the WFD
H1 Explosive
H8 Corrosive
H2 Oxidising
H9 Infectious
H3 Flammable
H10 Toxic for reproduction
H11 Mutagenic
H4 Irritant
H12 Waste which releases toxic or very toxic gases in
contact with water, air or acid
H5 Harmful
H13 Sensitizing
H6 Toxic
H14 Ecotoxic
H7 Carcinogenic
H15 Waste capable by any means, after disposal, of yielding another
substance, e..g. a leachate, which possesses any of the characteristics above
Universal Hazardous Wastes ?
Oils
Pesticides
Acids and Alkalis
Lead, Acids
Chemicals
Paints
What Hazardous Chemicals in Your
Home ?
Cleaning
Paint
General
Gardening
Automative
• Disinfectants
• Drain, toilet, and window cleaners
• Spot removers
• ...
• Latex and oil-based paints
• Paint thinners, solvents and strippers
• Stains, varnishes and lacquers
• Wood preservatives
• Dry cell batteries (mercury and
cadmium)
• Glues and cements
• Florescent lamps
• Old thermometers
• Pesticides
• Weed killers
• Ant and rodent killers
• Flea powders
• Used motor oil , antifreeze
• Battery acid
• Solvents
• Brake and transmission fluid
• Rust inhibitor and rust remover
What Hazardous Wastes from
Industrial Activities ?
Petroleum
refining
•
•
•
•
desalter sludges
tank bottom sludges
acid alkyl sludges
oily sludges from maintenance
operations of the plant or equipment
etc
MFSU of
basic organic
chemicals
• aqueous washing liquids and mother
liquors
• organic halogenated solvents, washing
liquids and mother liquors
• halogenated still bottoms
• filter cakes and spent absorbers
Photographic
Industry
• water-based developer solutions
• water-based offset plate developer
solutions
• solvent-based developer solutions
• bleach solutions and bleach fixer
solutions
Past Events in Turkey?
“367 barrels were found in the Black Sea
Coast“, 1988
“18
yıldır Samsun ve Sinop'ta
depolarda tutulan zehirli
variller nihayet İtalya'ya iade
diliyor”, 2006
http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=199968, September 2006
http://hurarsiv.hurriyet.com.tr/goster/ShowNew.aspx?id=3633656, 2005
Past Events in Turkey?
“Barrels poisened the workers inTuzla”.
“Tuzla’da bulunan zehirli
varillerin toprak altından
çıkartılması sırasında
kepçe operatörü sızan
gazdan zehirlenerek
hastaneye kaldırıldı.
Gaz sızıntısı nedeniyle
çalışmalara ara verildi”.
www.NTVMSNBC.com.tr; 18 .4.2006
Past Events in Turkey?
The most dangerous poison is going...
The work for sending very dangerous chemical BHC
waste to Germany for disposal that is spreaded far
and wide in an area in Derince, near Koruma Tarım
Plant since 22 years, has started...
Just
the
tip
of
the
A Hazardous
We are sending
inauspicious guest... Waste
!
In the ceramony organizedİceberg
for sending tons of BHC
Management
System
?
to Germany, the Environment and Forestry
Minister Osman Pepe said «we are posting
inauspicious guest to Germany for incineration at a
cost of 2 million Euros...»
Özgür Kocaeli Gazetesi, 13 .5. 2007
(http://www.kocaeli.web.tr/Haber/2200)
Hazardous waste management system
FACILITIES
LEGISLATION
Hazardous
waste
management
system
ENFORCEMENT
SUPPORT SERVICES
INFRASTRUCTURE
ENVIRONMENTAL CONTROLS
SERVICE SECTOR
Each of the elements must be present
if the overall system is to operate
effectively
Politicians are very interested in
wastes !
(Howard Robinson, 2007)
Other Problems ?
Famous syndromes:
– NIMBY (Not In My BackYard). A widely spread public attitude towards the
nstallation of waste management facilities close to any given residential area.
– NIMO (Not In My Office time). A common practice among politicians and
dministrators to avoid or postpone decisions that may adversely impair their
careers.
– BANANA (Building Absolutely Nothing Anywhere Near Anybody). A
widely spread syndrome to all the approaches to waste waste management.
R. Cossu, Waste Management 29 (2009) 2797–2798
A NIMBY Example
« Mersin: Tarsus'ta Katı
Atık Tesisine Karşı İmza
Kampanyası
«Mersin: Tarsus'ta 'Zehirli
Atık Bertaraf Tesisi'ne
Büyük Tepki
A series community
Mersin'in Tarsus İlçesi'ne
bağlıincinerator
Kurbanlı Köyü'nde,
resistance to new
kurulması planlanan
Endüstriyel Zehirli Atık
siting
Bertaraf Tesisi'ne karşı
Mersin'in Tarsus
İlçesi'nde, Sağlıklı Köyü
ile Kurbanlı Köyü
sınırlarında kurulması
planlanan Kimyasal Atık
Yakma ve Deponite
Entegre Tesisi'ne karşı
imza kampanyası
başlatıldı.»
Many other
examples
http://www.haberler.com
çıkan yaklaşık 5 bin kişi
yürüyüş yaparak tepki
gösterdi.»
Rational WM Plans
“A combination of these syndromes coupled with extreme
environmentalist positions against landfilling and
incineration, associated with lobbying, illegal or criminal
interests may result (as happened in the Naples area in
Italy) in a total paralysis of all technical and environmental
management of waste. We should take the opportunity to
educate our family, neighbours, teachers and our elected
representatives: only through education will cost effective
rational waste management plans be reached without
NIMBY, NIMO or BANANA and with negligible influence
of negative interests”
Plus;
• The existence of an effective
communications strategy
• The timely and accurate
information to overcome the
objections of the NIMBY lobby
R. Cossu, Waste Management 29 (2009) 2797–2798
OUTLINE
• Hazardous Waste ?
• Legislation
– EU
– National
• Current Situation in Turkey
• Project
– Inventory of HWs
– Information System
– Collection System
General Waste Policy Framework
Main objectives:
- avoid waste by promoting environmentally-friendly
and less waste-intensive technologies and processes;
- promote reprocessing, in particular the recovery and
the re-use of waste as raw materials;
- improve waste disposal by introducing stringent
standards;
- tighten up the provisions governing the transport of
dangerous substances;
- reclaim contaminated land.
EU Waste Framework Directive
The Directive (2008/98/EC );
• is the primary legislative framework for the
collection, transport, recovery and disposal of
waste across Europe
• uses a waste hierarchy to define a priority order
for waste prevention, legislation and policy
• requires that MS adopt waste management plans
and waste prevention programs
Obligations of the MS
• Integrated and adequate network of
disposal installations
• Installations for the recovery of waste
collected
(taking into account best available techniques)
EU Waste Framework Directive
• The Regulation requires MS to
produce statistics on all aspects of
the waste management, such as the
generation, recovery and disposal of
waste.
Regulation on General Principles of Waste
Management
The regulation;
• Is in full alignment with the provisions of the old
EU Waste Directive and the Decision that
establishes a waste list
• Transposes certain provisions of the current EU
WFD
Concerning full harmonization with the EU
acquis, Turkey plans to fully implement the
provisions of WFD by the end of the year 2015
OUTLINE
• Hazardous Waste ?
• Legislation
– EU
– National
• Current Situation in Turkey
• Project
– Inventory of HWs
– Information System
– Collection System
• Conclusions
HW Generation
TUİK
• 1 250 000 ton/yr
Envest Planners
• 2 600 000 ton/yr
HAWAMAN
• 1 350 000 ton/yr
HW Generation
hazardous waste amounts
3.500
hazardous wastes [1.000 t/a]
3.000
Italy
2.500
UK
1.25 – 2.6 million tons/year
2.000
Turkey
1.500
Portugal
Taiwan
1.000
Belgium
Netherlands
Norway
Austria
Greece
500
0
0
200
400
600
800
1.000
GNP "power parity" [Bill. US$]
Life – Hawaman Project, MoEU
1.200
1.400
HW Recycle and Disposal Facilities
HW Recycle and Disposal Facilities
(current+planned)
Atık Yakma ve Beraber
Yakma Tesisi
201
192
Incineration and
coincineration
Tehlikeli
Atık Depolama
Landfill
Tesisi (1.sınıf)
Recycling
Tehlikeli Atık Geri Kazanım
Tesisi
18
1
42
37
33
1
4
6
2003
2010
2013
2012
Source: Betul Dogru, MoEU
HW Disposal Facilities – Current and planned
Incineration
7.750 ton/yr
105.000 ton
Landfill
6.084 ton
35.000 ton/yr
160.000 ton
20.000 ton/yr
240.000 ton
200.000 ton
100.000 ton/yr
17.500 ton/yr
2003
2008
2013
11.000 ton 1
Incineration
3
5
Landfiill
3
6
26
37
Coincineration
Co-incineration
Source: Betul Dogru, MoEU
1
HW Disposal Facilities
Total capacity
Incineration*
Landfill
*Excluding coincineration
180.000 ton/yr
720.000 ton
Yearly HW
Generation :
1,2-2,6
million tons
Cost of Compliance
The total investment needed for the
Planning
and
decision-making
compliance to the EU’s HW Directive:
processes requires detailed analysis
of hazardous
waste
generation data,
EUR
1 billion
their
industrial
geographic
in the
period ofand
2007–2023
distribution
Source: MoEF, Environmental Heavy-Cost Investment Planning (EHCIP)
Project of Turkey, led by COWI A/S, 2006.
IZAYDAS- İzmit Facilities
IZAYDAS- İzmit Facilities
Greenpeace'den İZAYDAŞ
baskını 14/07/2003
Greenpeace üyesi 21 kişilik
grup, İZAYDAŞ tesislerinde
yaklaşık 3 saat süreyle eylem
yaptıktan sonra gözaltına
alındı. İZAYDAŞ tesisleri
önüne sabaha doğru gelen
ikisi İngiliz vatandaşı 12
Greenpeace üyesi,.......
BANANA
Syndrome
http://www.radikal.com.tr/haber.php?haberno=81467
http://www.greenpeace.se/projects/baltic/html/bild_0521_2.asp
“Zehirli Kalkınma Örneği: İZAYDAŞ”
http://www.bianet.org/bianet/cevre--3/10195-zehirli-kalkinma-ornegi-izaydas, 2002
Turkey 2011 Progress Report of the EC
Turkey 2011 Progress Report of the Commission lists the
subsequent remarks regarding the progress of Turkey in meeting
of the EU acquis communautaire on waste management as
follows:
“Good progress can be reported in the field of waste management. The revision of the
waste legislation, largely in line with the provisions of the new EU Waste Framework
Directive, has begun with the adoption of legislation on solid waste, waste water
tariffs, waste incineration, packaging waste and the inspection of end-of-life vehicles.
Legislation was also adopted in the areas of mining and the standardisation of the
import of batteries and accumulators, ensuring further alignment with the acquis.
Efforts have been made to bring some landfills up to EU standards and for the
separate collection of various categories of waste, as well as for the recovery of energy
from waste oils and sterilisation of hazardous medical waste. However, Turkey still
needs to prepare and implement national, regional and local waste
management plans in line with the EU Waste Framework Directive.”
OUTLINE
• Hazardous Waste ?
• Legislation
– EU
– National
• Current Situation in Turkey
• Project
– Inventory of HWs
– Information System
– Collection System
• Conclusions
PROJECT
“Hazardous Waste Management In
Compliance With European Union
Environmental Regulations In Turkey”
(KAMAG-107G126) Project
funded by TUBITAK
2009-2012
PROJECT TEAM
METU, EnvE
Dr. Ülkü Yetiş
(Principal Investigator)
Clemson University
Dr. Tanju Karanfil
İTÜ, EnvE
Dr. İsmail Toröz
Marmara University, EnvE
Dr. S. Zehra Can
TÜBİTAK MAM
Dr. Özgür Doğan
GYTE, EnvE
Dr. Salim Öncel
Hazardous Wastes Division
Ministry of Environment and Urbanization
MOS Bilişim
Target
Economical
Regulatory
Compliance
Following
Waste
hierarchy
Rational
HW
Management
System
What is essential ?
HW
• Waste generation, quantity, type, geographical
distribution ?
Generation
• Most proper locations for HW disposal
facilities?
• Routes to be used for the transfer of HW to
these locations ?
Info;
• What capacities ?
WGFs
WGFs
Waste generation
factors
(WGFs)
*
Production unit (e.g. capacity)
Number of people (e.g. employees)
Economic unit (e.g. GDP)
Amount of HW generated / unit production
Purpose ?
Control the
Flow HW
Monitor the
Performance
of Waste
Minimization
Actions
Implement
Regulations
Predict Future
Trends
WGFs
•Manufacturing
Industry
HW
Inventory
based on
WGFs
•Geographical and
sectoral distribution
•Priority sectors
•HW lists for each
NACE code
•WGF for each HW
WGFs for all Sectoral
1.2 M Total HW
industrial Distribution
Generation
ton/year
sectors
√
HW Generation in Turkey
HW
Information
System
TABS
A national web-based
system to capture
information from
production to
collection,
transportation,
treatment and
disposal of waste
APPROACH ?
Strengthening
Control
Strengthening the Control
Mechanism––Waste
Waste Declaration
Declaration
Mechanism
Producers
not
reporting
NACE Ver2
Full liste of
HW
producers
Waste types
declared/not
declared
List of HWs
by each
NACE code
Wrong/
missing
declaration
Waste quantities
declared
WGFs for
each NACE
Code
Continuous
update of
WGFs using
declarations
Missing/
Incomplete/
excess
HW ?
TABS – Modification
Dynamic
• More accurate WGFs
Inventory
• WGFs for missing HWs
TABS
TABS
# of producers using
During planning phase of hazardous waste
facilities, obtaining accurate spatial
distribution of waste generation gains
outmost importance !
HW Facilities
Objective
HW
Facilities
To provide a framework
that leads the Ministry
in planning of
hazardous waste
facilities to be built
•Lowest
environmental
impact
•Lowest population
impact
•Lowest cost
51
Approach:
HW Facilities
• Optimization
models
• Different scenarios
Thanks to Dr. Bahar Y. Kara, Bilkent University, Industrial Engineering Department
Optimizing Location and Size of HW Facilities
1. Population
Settlements within
exposure estimation 1600m bandwidth from
each side of the road are
determined
Optimizing Location and Size of HW Facilities
2.Environmental Effects Estimation
Length of
environmental
elements within
1600m bandwidth
from each side of the
road are determined
Lakes, Rivers,
Reservoirs, Coastal
Waters, Forests,
Agricultural Areas
Optimizing Location and Size of HW Facilities
Scenarios
Scenario
1
No facilities
Check with the
current facilities
Required
additional
Scenario
facilities
2
Existing +
cement kilns
Scenario
Scenario
3
4
scenarios+
Regional Previous
Transfer
transfer
stations
integrated
stations
facilities
Optimum Scenario
Scenarios
Scenario
1
No facilities
Scenario
2
Existing +
cement
kilns
Scenario
3
Regional
integrated
facilities
Scenario
4
Sc 2 +
Transfer
stations
Population
Impact
597
627
NA
367
Environmental
Impact
1537
1619
NA
1016
Total Impact
2134
2246
NA
1383
Total cost,
million TL/yr
533
479
525
517
Scenario 4 ; Coincineration + Transfer
stations
107G126'Sonuç-Raporu
Landfills
ÖNERİLEN'DEPOLAMA'SAHASI'KONUMLARI
10 Integrated Facilities
35 Transfer Stations w/ CPT
'
Incineration
ÖNERİLEN'YAKMA'TESİSİ'KONUMLARI
Incineration Adana,
Afyon, Ankara, Bursa,
Çorum, Erzurum, İzmir,
Kocaeli, Konya, K.Maraş
Landfill Adana, Afyon,
Ankara, Bursa, Erzurum,
İstanbul, Kocaeli, Konya,
Manisa, Sakarya
'
Transfer Stations
Iyakma'tesisi'
çimento'<rını'
L
ÖNERİLEN'GEÇİCİ'DEPOLAMA'TESİSİ'KONUMLARI
'
En'düşük'maliyet
Lowest
cost
En'düşük'etki
Lowest
impact
-
vermektedir.- İş- Paketi- 2- envanterine- göre- kurulan- tesislerin- hizmet- alanları- da- benzer- özelliklergöstermektedir.--
Results
Transfer
ARITMA&
TESİSLERİ&İÇİN&HİZMET&
ALANLARI
(
Incineration
YAKMA&
TESİSLERİ&İÇİN&HİZMET&
ALANLARI
(
Landfilling
DEPOLAMA(TESİSLERİ(İÇİN(HİZMET(ALANLARI
(
-
Şekil&4(35&Senaryo&1&için&hizmet&alanları&
-
Results
• Coincineration reduces costs
• Transfer stations reduces the impacts due to
transportation
• Best system: coincineration + transfer stations +
landfill + incineration
• Optimum locations:
– Transfer stations: Adana, Ankara, İzmir and Kocaeli
– Incineration: Izmir, Kocaeli + Adana, Ankara, Bursa
– Lanfilling: Kocaeli, Manisa + Ankara, Konya, Bursa
Conclusion
• EU compliance is a good driving force
• We, now, know;
– how much HW we produce
– what type HW we produce
– How much incinerable HW we produce
– How much landfillable HW we produce
– How much treatable HW we produce
– Where to have facilities
Conclusion
• Web-based HW declaration system is
now able to identify the
– producers not reporting their HWs
– producers misreporting their HWs
• # of recycling facilities is increasing
• Nimby, Nino, Banana syndromes influence the
development
• Enforcement needs to be improved
One Remark !
Ministry
of
Ministry
of
Ministry of
Water
Environment and
Environment
and
Affairs and
Urbanization
ForestryForestry
Thanks to KAMAG
107G126 Project Team
Thanks for Listening...